Pulmonary Review Flashcards
What are the structural components of the pulmonary system above the Trachea?
- Trachea
- Cartilage
- Larynx
- Epiglottis
- Pharynx
- Oral Cavity
- Nasal Passage
- Frontal Sinus
What are the structural components of the pulmonary systems below the trachea and above the bronchioles?
- Ribs
- Lungs
– Superior Lobe - Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Diaphragm
- Heart
What are the structural components of the pulmonary system after the bronchioles?
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Smooth Muscles
- Pulmonary Artery
- Pulmonary Vein
- Alveoli
- Capillary Beds Cover All Alveoli
List the Alveolar Structures
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sac
- Alveolar Pores
List the Alveolar Cells Structures
- Collagen Fibril
- Elastic Fibers
- Basal Lamina
- Macrophage
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Fibroblast
Describe what happens at the capillary and alveolar membrane
stuctures
- Alveolus
- Alveolar Membrane
- Capillary
functions
- Deoxygenated blood into capillaries
- Oxygenated blood out of capillaries
How many zones do the ventilation zones consist of?
- 0-23
What zones does the conducting zone consist of?
- 0-16
What components of the pulmonary system make up the conducting zones?
- Trachea: 0
- Primary Bronchus: 1
- Bronchus: 2 & 3
- Bronchi: 4 - 10
- Bronchioles: 11 - 16
Which components of the pulmonary system make up the transitional and respiratory zones?
- Respiratory Bronchioles: 17, 18, 19
- Alveolar Ducts: 20, 21, 22
- Alveolar Sacs: 23
What does Fick’s Law of Diffusion govern?
- Gas Diffusion across a fluid membrane
What is the equation for VE?
- VE = breathing rate x tidal volume
How can VE be increased?
Increase
- breathing rate
or
- breathing depth
or
- both
How high does the breathing rate increase in a healthy young adult during strenuous exercise? what about for elite endurance athletes?
Young Adult
- 35-40 breaths/min
Endurance Athlete
- 60-70 breaths/min
What % of vital capacity does tidal volume rarely exceed for trained and untrained individuals?
- 60%
Explain how gas diffuses through a sheet of tissue.
At a rate
- directly proportional to tissue area, a diffusion constant, and pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
- Inversely proportional to tissue thickness
What does the pressure differential between air in the lungs and lung-chest wall interface cause?
- Lungs to adhere to the chest wall
- Follow its every movement
What is minute ventilation?
- Volume of air breathed each minute
Define Anatomical Dead Space
- Air in each breath that does NOT enter alveoli
What does anatomical dead space not participate in?
- Gaseous exchange with blood
What is the approximate volume of anatomic dead space?
- 150-200mL
Define Alveolar Ventilation
- Portion of inspired air that reaches the alveoli
What does alveolar ventilation participate in?
- Gas exchange
What determines the gaseous concentration at the alveolar-capillary membrane?
- Alveolar Ventilation
What is the approximate range of alveolar ventilation at rest?
- 350mL
What enters into and mixes with existing alveolar air at rest?
- 350mL out of 500 mL of inspired Tidal Volume
What are the typical pulmonary ventilation values during rest?
Breathing Rate (breaths/min)
- 12
Tidal Volume (L/min)
- 0.5
Pulmonary Ventilation (L/min)
- 6
What are the typical pulmonary ventilation values during moderate exercise?
Breathing Rate (breaths/min)
- 30
Tidal Volume (L/min)
- 2.5
Pulmonary Ventilation (L/min)
- 75
What are the typical pulmonary ventilation values during intense exercise?
Breathing Rate (breaths/min)
- 50
Tidal Volume (L/min)
- 3.0
Pulmonary Ventilation (L/min)
- 150
Define the Ventilation-Perfusion (V-P) Ratio
- The ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
How much air ventilates alveoli each min at rest?
- 4.2L
How much blood flows through pulmonary capillaries each minute at rest?
- 5L
What is the average V-P ratio? What does it mean?
Average
- 0.84
Mean
- 0.84L alveolar ventilation matches 1L of pulmonary blood flow
What is the average concentration of gases in ambient air?
O2
- 20.93%
N2
- 79.04%
CO2
- 0.03%
What does the body’s supply of oxygen depend on?
- Concentration of Gases in Ambient Air
- Partial Pressure of Gases in Ambient Air
Define Partial Pressure
- Molecules of each specific gas in a mixture of gases exert their own partial pressure
What is the equation for partial pressure?
% concentration of a specific gas x total pressure of gas mixture
What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in dry ambient air at sea level?
20.93% of 760mmHg
- 159mmHg
What is the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in dry ambient air at sea level?
0.03% of 760mmHg
- 0.2mmHg
doesn’t make sense just accept the numbers
What is the partial pressure of Nitrogen in dry ambient air at sea level?
79.04% of 760mmHg
- 600mmHg
What happens to Tracheal Air?
- Completely saturates with water vapor as it enters nasal cavities, mouth, and down respiratory tract
What is the effect of the humidification of the tracheal air?
in regards to partial pressure
- Effective PO2 in tracheal air decreases by 10mmHg from ambient value
- From 159mmHg to 149mmHg
What kind of effect does humidification exert on Pco2? Why?
What
- Negligible
Why
- Little contribution to inspired air
How does alveolar air composition differ from incoming breath of moist ambient air?
- CO2 continually enters alveoli from blood
- O2 continually enters blood from the alveoli
What is the composition of alveolar air?
O2
- 14.5%
CO2
- 5.5%
N2
- 80%
What are the average pressures exerted by O2 and CO2 against the alveolar side of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
PO2
- 103mmHg
PCO2
- 39mmHg
seems that pressure inside is 710mmHG
Define Henry’s Law
- Mass of a gas that dissolves in a fluid at a given temperature varies in direct proportion to pressure of the gas over the liquid
What two factors govern the rate of gas diffusion into a fluid?
- Pressure differential between gas above the fluid and gas dissolved in the fluid
- Solubility of gas in the fluid
What is the equation for the Quantity of gas (mL/dL) dissolved in a liquid?
Quantity of gas (mL/dL) = solubility coefficient x (gas partial pressure/total barometric pressure)
How does O2 travel?
From higher to lower pressure
- as it dissolves and diffuses through the alveolar membrane into blood
What causes a net diffusion of CO2 from the blood to the lungs?
- Higher pressure in returning venous blood than in alveoli
What happens to Nitrogen in alveolar-capillary gas?
- Remains Essentially unchanged
How quickly does alveolar gas-blood equilibrium change?
- 0.25s
What is the PO2 in fluid outside a muscle cell at rest?
- 40mmHg
What is the PCO2 in intracellular fluid at rest?
- 46mmHg
What does the PO2 in active muscle fall to during vigorous exercise?
towards
- 0mmHg
What does the PCO2 in active muscle approach during vigorous exercise?
- 90mmHg
What establishes the diffusion gradient?
- Pressure differences between gases in plasma and tissues
Which direction does O2 and CO2 travel in diffusion?
O2
- From blood towards cells
CO2
- From cells towards blood
What does blood do after CO2 flows from the cells into it?
- passes into the venous circuit for return to the heart and delivery to the lungs