Ergogenic Aids Flashcards
What does ergogenic aids refer to?
- Application of nutritional, physical, mechanical, psychologic, or pharmacologic procedures or aids to improve physical work capacity or athletic performance.
What are the six mechanisms for how ergogenic aids might work?
- Act as central/peripheral nervous system stimulant
- Increase storage and/or availability of limiting substrate
- Act as a supplemental fuel source
- Reduce or neutralize performance-inhibiting metabolic by-products
- Facilitate recovery
- Enhance resistance training responsiveness
In competitive sports, what is considered doping?
- Use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs
What are the 3 criteria that can land a substance on WADA’s prohibited list?
- potential to enhance sports performance
- Represents actual or potential risk to athletes
- Violates the spirit of sport
If a substance satisfies two of the three WADA criteria for substances what happens?
- On the prohibited list
What are some pharmacologic agents for ergogenic effects?
- Anabolic androgenic steroids
- Hormone and related substances
- Beta 2 Agonists
- Hormone Antagonists and Modulators
- Diuretics and other masking agents
- Stimulants
- Narcotics
- Cannabinoids
- Glucocorticosteroids
- Alcohol (in some sports)
- Beta-blockers (in some sports)
What are some nonpharmacologic approaches for ergogenic effects?
- Red blood cell reinfusion-blood doping
- Oxygen inhalation (hyperoxia)
- Modification of carbohydrate intake
- Chromium
- Creatine
- Lipid supplementation with medium-chain triacylglycerol
- Pyruvate
What banned substances were used by Lance Armstrong?
- Blood transfusions
- EPO
- Testosterone
- Cortisone
What is red blood cel reinfusion also called?
- Blood doping
Why did blood cell reinfusion become popularized as an ergogenic technique?
- Relatively unknown Finnish runner won multiple golds at the Olympics
What are the steps for Red Blood cell reinfusion?
- Withdrawal of 1-4 units of blood
- Immediate reinfusing of plasma
- Place Blood Cell in storage for later
What is homologous transfusion?
- Infuses a type-matched donor’s blood
What must happen to prevent dramatic reductions in blood cell concentration when blood doping? Why?
- withdrawal of 1 unit blood in 3-8week intervals
- Takes time to re-establish normal red blood cell levels.
When would stored blood cells be reinfused for an endurance event?
- 1-7 days before
What does the reinfusion of red blood cells do?
- Increase red blood cell count
- Increase hemoglobin levels from 8-20%
Does how the blood is stored for blood doping matter?
YES
- Freezing permits storage for more than 6 weeks with limited blood cell loss
- Storage at 4C in refrigerator causes substantial hemolysis (after only 3 weeks)
Why is storage important for blood doping results?
why should you store it?
- Takes 5-6 weeks to re-establish blood cell loss after withdrawal of 2 units of blood.
Draw the graph of blood doping and blood cell changes after withdrawal.
What does added blood volume contribute to?
- Larger maximal cardiac output
- Increased oxygen-carrying capacity
What were- the methods of the study on blood doping?
- 800ml blood loss
- Reinfusion of red blood cells 4 weeks later
- Test before and after both conditions
- VO2max/performance capacity measured
What were the test results after blood loss in the study on blood doping?
- Decrease Hb concentration (13%)
- Physical performance decrease (30%)
- VO2max decrease (13%)
What were the test results after reinfusion of blood cells in the study on blood doping?
- Hb concentration increase 13% (compared to day before reinfusion
- Increase in physical performance capacity (23%)
- Increase in VO2max (9%)
What improvements can be seen due to blood doping when using appropriate blood storage methods?
- 5-13% increase aerobic capacity
- decrease HR
- decrease blood lactate submax
- Augmented endurance different altitudes
- better thermoregulation in heat
Why is there better thermoregulation in heat from blood doping?
- Increase O2 content in arterial blood
- Blood freed for delivery to skin
What is Epoetin?
- A synthetic form of the naturally produced hormone erythropoietin
Why would endurance athletes use Hormonal Blood Doping-Epoetin?
- Eliminate cumbersome and lengthy blood doping process
What is Erythropoietin?
- hormone
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin in normal bodily processes?
- Reduced oxygen pressure in arterial plasma
What does Erythropoietin do?
- Regulates red blood cell production within marrow of long bones.
- synthesis/proper function of erythrocyte membrane proteins
What do the erythrocyte membrane proteins that erythropoietin help synthesize do?
- Facilitate lactate exchange
monocarboxylate transporter 1
What does more red blood cells in circulation due to erythropoietin lead to?
- increased oxygenation
- lower levels of hypoxia-inducible factor
- Suppressed EPO production
What is promoted by the hypoxia-inducible factor?
- EPO production
- Iron Absorption/Transport
When is the hypoxia-inducible factor degraded?
- conditions of normal oxygen tension
Under which conditions will hypoxia-induced factor stimulate gene transcription of EPO
anemia and hypoxia
Under normal conditions HIF gets degraded, but does its job under these conditions
Why is Erythropoiesis a homeostatic system?
- Erythropoietin promotes blood cell formation
- increase blood cell increase O2 blood concentration
- Increase O2 in blood reduces HIF
- Reduced HIF downregulates Erythropoietin production
When can exogenous human EPO prove useful in medical settings?
- Combating anemia in patients undergoing chemo
- Patients with severe renal disease
What happens after 6 weeks of EPO treatment in athletes?
- 12% increase in hemoglobin/hematocrit
- Improve endurance exercise performance
How does WADA attempt to detect blood doping?
- Urine samples collected and sent to WADA-accredited laboratories
specifically works for EPO
What type of blood doping can not be detected?
- Autologous blood transfusion
How is WADA attempting to reduce blood doping?
- Athlete Biological Passport
- Test blood markers on an individual level
What did one report say about detecting erythropoietin in urine?
- May be impossible after 12-18 hours after injections
How was the study on erythropoietin detection in urine done?
- EPO injected in 8 humans subjects for 4 weeks
- Urine samples collected several points
- Sent to two WADA-accredited laboratories
What were the performance and blood results of the study on the detection of erythropoietin in urine?
- increase total Hb mass at all measuring points
- Aerobic exercise power increased during performance tests
What were the urine sample results from the test on erythropoietin detected in urine?
Lab A
- 8 positive during boosting
- 4 positive maintenance phase
- 2 Positive 2-weeks into maintenance
- 2 positive 3-weeks into maintenance
- 0 positive for the last 2 tests
Lab B
- No positives at any point
What were the conclusions of the study done on the testing EPO use in urine?
- Limited risk during the competition for athletes
- Testing must be done during offseason during boosting season to have more accurate results
What are some downsides of red blood cell reinfusion?
- Possible increase in blood viscosity
- increased thickness leads to decrease cardiac output, blood flow velocity, and peripheral oxygen supply
Why might an increase in blood viscosity caused by red blood cell reinfusion be dangerous?
- compromise blood flow through narrowed, atherosclerotic vessels
- Individuals with artery disease to increase risk of heart attack/stroke
What do companies do regarding ergogenic aids? What does this often do?
- Expand considerable money showing product improved performance
- Often Placebo effect
What should sound scientific studies consider in their rationale for the effects of ergogenic aid?
- Subjects
- Sex
- Age
- Training Status
- Nutritional Status
- Health Status
What are the guidelines / conclusions on the critical evaluation of ergogenic aids?
- Must follow logical research findings
- Appropriate statistical tests must be used
- Researchers must acknowledge difference between statistical and practical significance
How should the findings for critical evaluation of ergogenic aids be disseminated?
- published in peer-reviewed journals
- findings must be reproducible
What are anabolic androgenic steroids?
- Synthetically produced variants of naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone
What does anabolic refer to?
-Muscle-building
What does androgenic refer to?
- Increased male sexual characteristics
What does steroid refer to?
- Class of drug
When did anabolic androgenic steroids become popular?
Early 1950s
- treatment of patients deficient in natural androgens or muscle-wasting diseases
What are some legitimate steroid uses?
Treatment of:
- osteoporosis
- severe breast cancer in women
- countering decline in lean body mass
- HIV
- Kidney dialysis
- Increase body fat in elderly men
Where might steroid use and abuse occur?
- Competitive athletes
- Body-builders
How young might people use steroids?-
- Boys and girls as young as 11
What are some potential risks for anabolic steroid use?
- impairment of normal endocrine function
- decreased tendon tensile strength
- Alterations in cardiac structure and function
- Decreased testicular volume
- Mood alterations and psychiatric dysfunction
What are some female-specific risks for women using anabolic steroids?
- Altered menstrual function
- Acne
- Hirsutism (excessive body/facial hair)
- Irreversible deepening voice
- Decreased breast size
What competes with anabolic steroids in the illicit market of alleged tissue-building, performance-enhancing drugs?
- Human Growth Hormone
- known as somatotropin
What are Beta-2 Agonists?
- Large group of drugs that mimic actions of naturally occurring catecholamines: norepinephrine, epinephrine, & dopamine
Why has Clenbuterol become popular among athletes?
- Purported tissue-building, fat-reducing benefits
What does Clenbuterol do?
- Facilitates responsiveness of adrenergic receptors to circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, & other adrenergic amines
What have studies on the use of clenbuterol in animals shown?
- In Livestock (given dosage above human prescribed for asthma) increase skeletal/cardiac muscle protein deposition and slows fat gain via enhanced lipolysis
What does clenbuterol do for thoroughbred racehorses?
Long-term use
- Decreased fat mass
- Increased fat-free mass
What does clenbuterol do in rats?
- Altered muscle fiber type distribution
- Enlargement and proportion of type II increase
- Decrease protein breakdown
- Increase protein synthesis
What were some effects found about clenbuterol use on young male rats? Good and Bad?
Good
- Muscular hypertrophy
Bad
- Inhibited longitudinal bone growth
- Increased fracture risk
- Increase bone fragility
What were the negative effects of clenbuterol seen in horses?
- Altered heart structural dimensions
- negative cardiac function
- Occurred with or without exercise
What did clenbuterol show after physical activity? to what degree?
Aortic Enlargement
- increased risk of aortic rupture
- Sudden death
What are central nervous system stimulants used for?
- Reducing tiredness
- Increase alertness, aggression, competitiveness
When might stimulants be used by athletes?
- Day of competition to improve performance
- During training to increase intensity
What are some examples of stimulants?
- Amfetamine
- Ephedrine
- Cocaine
Define Caffeine
- Pharmacologically active substance found in tea, coffee, and pop
What does caffeine do?
- Produces mild CNS stimulation
- Reduces fatigue
- Increases concentration/alertness
What does caffeine represent?
- possible exception to rule against taking stimulants to improve performance
What is the ergogenic effect of caffeine on intense endurance activity?
- Facilitates fat use as an energy fuel
- Sparing carbohydrate reserves
What two ways might caffeine generally affect metabolism?
- Directly on adipose and peripheral vascular tissues
- Indirectly by stimulating epinephrine release from adrenal medulla
What might caffeine do to central nervous system? How?
Caffeine and its metabolites cross blood-brain barrier
* reduces perception of effort
analgesic effect
How does caffeine work indirectly to enhance motoneuronal excitability to facilitate motor unit recruitment?
- blocking receptors for adenosine
What does adenosine do?
- Calms brain and spinal cord neurons
Why did they do the study measuring erythropoietin in urine?
- Short EPO half-life
- Detection difficult after 3 days
What is autologous blood transfusion?
- Reinfusion of their own blood
