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KIN 335 > Ergogenic Aids > Flashcards

Ergogenic Aids Flashcards

1
Q

What does ergogenic aids refer to?

A
  • Application of nutritional, physical, mechanical, psychologic, or pharmacologic procedures or aids to improve physical work capacity or athletic performance.
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2
Q

What are the six mechanisms for how ergogenic aids might work?

A
  • Act as central/peripheral nervous system stimulant
  • Increase storage and/or availability of limiting substrate
  • Act as a supplemental fuel source
  • Reduce or neutralize performance-inhibiting metabolic by-products
  • Facilitate recovery
  • Enhance resistance training responsiveness
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3
Q

In competitive sports, what is considered doping?

A
  • Use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs
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4
Q

What are the 3 criteria that can land a substance on WADA’s prohibited list?

A
  • potential to enhance sports performance
  • Represents actual or potential risk to athletes
  • Violates the spirit of sport
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5
Q

If a substance satisfies two of the three WADA criteria for substances what happens?

A
  • On the prohibited list
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6
Q

What are some pharmacologic agents for ergogenic effects?

A
  • Anabolic androgenic steroids
  • Hormone and related substances
  • Beta 2 Agonists
  • Hormone Antagonists and Modulators
  • Diuretics and other masking agents
  • Stimulants
  • Narcotics
  • Cannabinoids
  • Glucocorticosteroids
  • Alcohol (in some sports)
  • Beta-blockers (in some sports)
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7
Q

What are some nonpharmacologic approaches for ergogenic effects?

A
  • Red blood cell reinfusion-blood doping
  • Oxygen inhalation (hyperoxia)
  • Modification of carbohydrate intake
  • Chromium
  • Creatine
  • Lipid supplementation with medium-chain triacylglycerol
  • Pyruvate
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8
Q

What banned substances were used by Lance Armstrong?

A
  • Blood transfusions
  • EPO
  • Testosterone
  • Cortisone
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9
Q

What is red blood cel reinfusion also called?

A
  • Blood doping
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10
Q

Why did blood cell reinfusion become popularized as an ergogenic technique?

A
  • Relatively unknown Finnish runner won multiple golds at the Olympics
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11
Q

What are the steps for Red Blood cell reinfusion?

A
  • Withdrawal of 1-4 units of blood
  • Immediate reinfusing of plasma
  • Place Blood Cell in storage for later
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12
Q

What is homologous transfusion?

A
  • Infuses a type-matched donor’s blood
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13
Q

What must happen to prevent dramatic reductions in blood cell concentration when blood doping? Why?

A
  • withdrawal of 1 unit blood in 3-8week intervals
  • Takes time to re-establish normal red blood cell levels.
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14
Q

When would stored blood cells be reinfused for an endurance event?

A
  • 1-7 days before
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15
Q

What does the reinfusion of red blood cells do?

A
  • Increase red blood cell count
  • Increase hemoglobin levels from 8-20%
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16
Q

Does how the blood is stored for blood doping matter?

A

YES
- Freezing permits storage for more than 6 weeks with limited blood cell loss
- Storage at 4C in refrigerator causes substantial hemolysis (after only 3 weeks)

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17
Q

Why is storage important for blood doping results?

why should you store it?

A
  • Takes 5-6 weeks to re-establish blood cell loss after withdrawal of 2 units of blood.
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18
Q

Draw the graph of blood doping and blood cell changes after withdrawal.

A
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19
Q

What does added blood volume contribute to?

A
  • Larger maximal cardiac output
  • Increased oxygen-carrying capacity
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20
Q

What were- the methods of the study on blood doping?

A
  • 800ml blood loss
  • Reinfusion of red blood cells 4 weeks later
  • Test before and after both conditions
  • VO2max/performance capacity measured
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21
Q

What were the test results after blood loss in the study on blood doping?

A
  • Decrease Hb concentration (13%)
  • Physical performance decrease (30%)
  • VO2max decrease (13%)
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22
Q

What were the test results after reinfusion of blood cells in the study on blood doping?

A
  • Hb concentration increase 13% (compared to day before reinfusion
  • Increase in physical performance capacity (23%)
  • Increase in VO2max (9%)
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23
Q

What improvements can be seen due to blood doping when using appropriate blood storage methods?

A
  • 5-13% increase aerobic capacity
  • decrease HR
  • decrease blood lactate submax
  • Augmented endurance different altitudes
  • better thermoregulation in heat
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24
Q

Why is there better thermoregulation in heat from blood doping?

A
  • Increase O2 content in arterial blood
  • Blood freed for delivery to skin
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25
Q

What is Epoetin?

A
  • A synthetic form of the naturally produced hormone erythropoietin
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26
Q

Why would endurance athletes use Hormonal Blood Doping-Epoetin?

A
  • Eliminate cumbersome and lengthy blood doping process
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27
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A
  • hormone
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28
Q

What stimulates the production of erythropoietin in normal bodily processes?

A
  • Reduced oxygen pressure in arterial plasma
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29
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A
  • Regulates red blood cell production within marrow of long bones.
  • synthesis/proper function of erythrocyte membrane proteins
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30
Q

What do the erythrocyte membrane proteins that erythropoietin help synthesize do?

A
  • Facilitate lactate exchange

monocarboxylate transporter 1

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31
Q

What does more red blood cells in circulation due to erythropoietin lead to?

A
  • increased oxygenation
  • lower levels of hypoxia-inducible factor
  • Suppressed EPO production
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32
Q

What is promoted by the hypoxia-inducible factor?

A
  • EPO production
  • Iron Absorption/Transport
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33
Q

When is the hypoxia-inducible factor degraded?

A
  • conditions of normal oxygen tension
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34
Q

Under which conditions will hypoxia-induced factor stimulate gene transcription of EPO

A

anemia and hypoxia

Under normal conditions HIF gets degraded, but does its job under these conditions

35
Q

Why is Erythropoiesis a homeostatic system?

A
  • Erythropoietin promotes blood cell formation
  • increase blood cell increase O2 blood concentration
  • Increase O2 in blood reduces HIF
  • Reduced HIF downregulates Erythropoietin production
36
Q

When can exogenous human EPO prove useful in medical settings?

A
  • Combating anemia in patients undergoing chemo
  • Patients with severe renal disease
37
Q

What happens after 6 weeks of EPO treatment in athletes?

A
  • 12% increase in hemoglobin/hematocrit
  • Improve endurance exercise performance
38
Q

How does WADA attempt to detect blood doping?

A
  • Urine samples collected and sent to WADA-accredited laboratories

specifically works for EPO

39
Q

What type of blood doping can not be detected?

A
  • Autologous blood transfusion
40
Q

How is WADA attempting to reduce blood doping?

A
  • Athlete Biological Passport
  • Test blood markers on an individual level
41
Q

What did one report say about detecting erythropoietin in urine?

A
  • May be impossible after 12-18 hours after injections
42
Q

How was the study on erythropoietin detection in urine done?

A
  • EPO injected in 8 humans subjects for 4 weeks
  • Urine samples collected several points
  • Sent to two WADA-accredited laboratories
43
Q

What were the performance and blood results of the study on the detection of erythropoietin in urine?

A
  • increase total Hb mass at all measuring points
  • Aerobic exercise power increased during performance tests
44
Q

What were the urine sample results from the test on erythropoietin detected in urine?

A

Lab A
- 8 positive during boosting
- 4 positive maintenance phase
- 2 Positive 2-weeks into maintenance
- 2 positive 3-weeks into maintenance
- 0 positive for the last 2 tests
Lab B
- No positives at any point

45
Q

What were the conclusions of the study done on the testing EPO use in urine?

A
  • Limited risk during the competition for athletes
  • Testing must be done during offseason during boosting season to have more accurate results
46
Q

What are some downsides of red blood cell reinfusion?

A
  • Possible increase in blood viscosity
  • increased thickness leads to decrease cardiac output, blood flow velocity, and peripheral oxygen supply
47
Q

Why might an increase in blood viscosity caused by red blood cell reinfusion be dangerous?

A
  • compromise blood flow through narrowed, atherosclerotic vessels
  • Individuals with artery disease to increase risk of heart attack/stroke
48
Q

What do companies do regarding ergogenic aids? What does this often do?

A
  • Expand considerable money showing product improved performance
  • Often Placebo effect
49
Q

What should sound scientific studies consider in their rationale for the effects of ergogenic aid?

A
  • Subjects
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Training Status
  • Nutritional Status
  • Health Status
50
Q

What are the guidelines / conclusions on the critical evaluation of ergogenic aids?

A
  • Must follow logical research findings
  • Appropriate statistical tests must be used
  • Researchers must acknowledge difference between statistical and practical significance
51
Q

How should the findings for critical evaluation of ergogenic aids be disseminated?

A
  • published in peer-reviewed journals
  • findings must be reproducible
52
Q

What are anabolic androgenic steroids?

A
  • Synthetically produced variants of naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone
53
Q

What does anabolic refer to?

A

-Muscle-building

54
Q

What does androgenic refer to?

A
  • Increased male sexual characteristics
55
Q

What does steroid refer to?

A
  • Class of drug
56
Q

When did anabolic androgenic steroids become popular?

A

Early 1950s
- treatment of patients deficient in natural androgens or muscle-wasting diseases

57
Q

What are some legitimate steroid uses?

A

Treatment of:
- osteoporosis
- severe breast cancer in women
- countering decline in lean body mass
- HIV
- Kidney dialysis
- Increase body fat in elderly men

58
Q

Where might steroid use and abuse occur?

A
  • Competitive athletes
  • Body-builders
59
Q

How young might people use steroids?-

A
  • Boys and girls as young as 11
60
Q

What are some potential risks for anabolic steroid use?

A
  • impairment of normal endocrine function
  • decreased tendon tensile strength
  • Alterations in cardiac structure and function
  • Decreased testicular volume
  • Mood alterations and psychiatric dysfunction
61
Q

What are some female-specific risks for women using anabolic steroids?

A
  • Altered menstrual function
  • Acne
  • Hirsutism (excessive body/facial hair)
  • Irreversible deepening voice
  • Decreased breast size
62
Q

What competes with anabolic steroids in the illicit market of alleged tissue-building, performance-enhancing drugs?

A
  • Human Growth Hormone
  • known as somatotropin
63
Q

What are Beta-2 Agonists?

A
  • Large group of drugs that mimic actions of naturally occurring catecholamines: norepinephrine, epinephrine, & dopamine
64
Q

Why has Clenbuterol become popular among athletes?

A
  • Purported tissue-building, fat-reducing benefits
65
Q

What does Clenbuterol do?

A
  • Facilitates responsiveness of adrenergic receptors to circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, & other adrenergic amines
66
Q

What have studies on the use of clenbuterol in animals shown?

A
  • In Livestock (given dosage above human prescribed for asthma) increase skeletal/cardiac muscle protein deposition and slows fat gain via enhanced lipolysis
67
Q

What does clenbuterol do for thoroughbred racehorses?

A

Long-term use
- Decreased fat mass
- Increased fat-free mass

68
Q

What does clenbuterol do in rats?

A
  • Altered muscle fiber type distribution
  • Enlargement and proportion of type II increase
  • Decrease protein breakdown
  • Increase protein synthesis
69
Q

What were some effects found about clenbuterol use on young male rats? Good and Bad?

A

Good
- Muscular hypertrophy
Bad
- Inhibited longitudinal bone growth
- Increased fracture risk
- Increase bone fragility

70
Q

What were the negative effects of clenbuterol seen in horses?

A
  • Altered heart structural dimensions
  • negative cardiac function
  • Occurred with or without exercise
71
Q

What did clenbuterol show after physical activity? to what degree?

A

Aortic Enlargement
- increased risk of aortic rupture
- Sudden death

72
Q

What are central nervous system stimulants used for?

A
  • Reducing tiredness
  • Increase alertness, aggression, competitiveness
73
Q

When might stimulants be used by athletes?

A
  • Day of competition to improve performance
  • During training to increase intensity
74
Q

What are some examples of stimulants?

A
  • Amfetamine
  • Ephedrine
  • Cocaine
75
Q

Define Caffeine

A
  • Pharmacologically active substance found in tea, coffee, and pop
76
Q

What does caffeine do?

A
  • Produces mild CNS stimulation
  • Reduces fatigue
  • Increases concentration/alertness
77
Q

What does caffeine represent?

A
  • possible exception to rule against taking stimulants to improve performance
78
Q

What is the ergogenic effect of caffeine on intense endurance activity?

A
  • Facilitates fat use as an energy fuel
  • Sparing carbohydrate reserves
79
Q

What two ways might caffeine generally affect metabolism?

A
  • Directly on adipose and peripheral vascular tissues
  • Indirectly by stimulating epinephrine release from adrenal medulla
80
Q

What might caffeine do to central nervous system? How?

A

Caffeine and its metabolites cross blood-brain barrier
* reduces perception of effort

analgesic effect

81
Q

How does caffeine work indirectly to enhance motoneuronal excitability to facilitate motor unit recruitment?

A
  • blocking receptors for adenosine
82
Q

What does adenosine do?

A
  • Calms brain and spinal cord neurons
83
Q

Why did they do the study measuring erythropoietin in urine?

A
  • Short EPO half-life
  • Detection difficult after 3 days
84
Q

What is autologous blood transfusion?

A
  • Reinfusion of their own blood

KIN 335 (14 decks)

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