Ergogenic Aids Flashcards

1
Q

What does ergogenic aids refer to?

A
  • Application of nutritional, physical, mechanical, psychologic, or pharmacologic procedures or aids to improve physical work capacity or athletic performance.
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2
Q

What are the six mechanisms for how ergogenic aids might work?

A
  • Act as central/peripheral nervous system stimulant
  • Increase storage and/or availability of limiting substrate
  • Act as a supplemental fuel source
  • Reduce or neutralize performance-inhibiting metabolic by-products
  • Facilitate recovery
  • Enhance resistance training responsiveness
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3
Q

In competitive sports, what is considered doping?

A
  • Use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs
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4
Q

What are the 3 criteria that can land a substance on WADA’s prohibited list?

A
  • potential to enhance sports performance
  • Represents actual or potential risk to athletes
  • Violates the spirit of sport
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5
Q

If a substance satisfies two of the three WADA criteria for substances what happens?

A
  • On the prohibited list
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6
Q

What are some pharmacologic agents for ergogenic effects?

A
  • Anabolic androgenic steroids
  • Hormone and related substances
  • Beta 2 Agonists
  • Hormone Antagonists and Modulators
  • Diuretics and other masking agents
  • Stimulants
  • Narcotics
  • Cannabinoids
  • Glucocorticosteroids
  • Alcohol (in some sports)
  • Beta-blockers (in some sports)
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7
Q

What are some nonpharmacologic approaches for ergogenic effects?

A
  • Red blood cell reinfusion-blood doping
  • Oxygen inhalation (hyperoxia)
  • Modification of carbohydrate intake
  • Chromium
  • Creatine
  • Lipid supplementation with medium-chain triacylglycerol
  • Pyruvate
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8
Q

What banned substances were used by Lance Armstrong?

A
  • Blood transfusions
  • EPO
  • Testosterone
  • Cortisone
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9
Q

What is red blood cel reinfusion also called?

A
  • Blood doping
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10
Q

Why did blood cell reinfusion become popularized as an ergogenic technique?

A
  • Relatively unknown Finnish runner won multiple golds at the Olympics
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11
Q

What are the steps for Red Blood cell reinfusion?

A
  • Withdrawal of 1-4 units of blood
  • Immediate reinfusing of plasma
  • Place Blood Cell in storage for later
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12
Q

What is homologous transfusion?

A
  • Infuses a type-matched donor’s blood
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13
Q

What must happen to prevent dramatic reductions in blood cell concentration when blood doping? Why?

A
  • withdrawal of 1 unit blood in 3-8week intervals
  • Takes time to re-establish normal red blood cell levels.
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14
Q

When would stored blood cells be reinfused for an endurance event?

A
  • 1-7 days before
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15
Q

What does the reinfusion of red blood cells do?

A
  • Increase red blood cell count
  • Increase hemoglobin levels from 8-20%
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16
Q

Does how the blood is stored for blood doping matter?

A

YES
- Freezing permits storage for more than 6 weeks with limited blood cell loss
- Storage at 4C in refrigerator causes substantial hemolysis (after only 3 weeks)

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17
Q

Why is storage important for blood doping results?

why should you store it?

A
  • Takes 5-6 weeks to re-establish blood cell loss after withdrawal of 2 units of blood.
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18
Q

Draw the graph of blood doping and blood cell changes after withdrawal.

A
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19
Q

What does added blood volume contribute to?

A
  • Larger maximal cardiac output
  • Increased oxygen-carrying capacity
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20
Q

What were- the methods of the study on blood doping?

A
  • 800ml blood loss
  • Reinfusion of red blood cells 4 weeks later
  • Test before and after both conditions
  • VO2max/performance capacity measured
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21
Q

What were the test results after blood loss in the study on blood doping?

A
  • Decrease Hb concentration (13%)
  • Physical performance decrease (30%)
  • VO2max decrease (13%)
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22
Q

What were the test results after reinfusion of blood cells in the study on blood doping?

A
  • Hb concentration increase 13% (compared to day before reinfusion
  • Increase in physical performance capacity (23%)
  • Increase in VO2max (9%)
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23
Q

What improvements can be seen due to blood doping when using appropriate blood storage methods?

A
  • 5-13% increase aerobic capacity
  • decrease HR
  • decrease blood lactate submax
  • Augmented endurance different altitudes
  • better thermoregulation in heat
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24
Q

Why is there better thermoregulation in heat from blood doping?

A
  • Increase O2 content in arterial blood
  • Blood freed for delivery to skin
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25
What is Epoetin?
- A synthetic form of the naturally produced hormone erythropoietin
26
Why would endurance athletes use Hormonal Blood Doping-Epoetin?
- Eliminate cumbersome and lengthy blood doping process
27
What is Erythropoietin?
- hormone
28
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin in normal bodily processes?
- Reduced oxygen pressure in arterial plasma
29
What does Erythropoietin do?
- Regulates red blood cell production within marrow of long bones. - synthesis/proper function of erythrocyte membrane proteins
30
What do the erythrocyte membrane proteins that erythropoietin help synthesize do?
- Facilitate lactate exchange ## Footnote monocarboxylate transporter 1
31
What does more red blood cells in circulation due to erythropoietin lead to?
- increased oxygenation - lower levels of hypoxia-inducible factor - Suppressed EPO production
32
What is promoted by the hypoxia-inducible factor?
- EPO production - Iron Absorption/Transport
33
When is the hypoxia-inducible factor degraded?
- conditions of normal oxygen tension
34
Under which conditions will hypoxia-induced factor stimulate gene transcription of EPO
anemia and hypoxia ## Footnote Under normal conditions HIF gets degraded, but does its job under these conditions
35
Why is Erythropoiesis a homeostatic system?
- Erythropoietin promotes blood cell formation - increase blood cell increase O2 blood concentration - Increase O2 in blood reduces HIF - Reduced HIF downregulates Erythropoietin production
36
When can exogenous human EPO prove useful in medical settings?
- Combating anemia in patients undergoing chemo - Patients with severe renal disease
37
What happens after 6 weeks of EPO treatment in athletes?
- 12% increase in hemoglobin/hematocrit - Improve endurance exercise performance
38
How does WADA attempt to detect blood doping?
- Urine samples collected and sent to WADA-accredited laboratories ## Footnote specifically works for EPO
39
What type of blood doping can not be detected?
- Autologous blood transfusion
40
How is WADA attempting to reduce blood doping?
- Athlete Biological Passport - Test blood markers on an individual level
41
What did one report say about detecting erythropoietin in urine?
- May be impossible after 12-18 hours after injections
42
How was the study on erythropoietin detection in urine done?
- EPO injected in 8 humans subjects for 4 weeks - Urine samples collected several points - Sent to two WADA-accredited laboratories
43
What were the performance and blood results of the study on the detection of erythropoietin in urine?
- increase total Hb mass at all measuring points - Aerobic exercise power increased during performance tests
44
What were the urine sample results from the test on erythropoietin detected in urine?
Lab A - 8 positive during boosting - 4 positive maintenance phase - 2 Positive 2-weeks into maintenance - 2 positive 3-weeks into maintenance - 0 positive for the last 2 tests Lab B - No positives at any point
45
What were the conclusions of the study done on the testing EPO use in urine?
- Limited risk during the competition for athletes - Testing must be done during offseason during boosting season to have more accurate results
46
What are some downsides of red blood cell reinfusion?
- Possible increase in blood viscosity - increased thickness leads to decrease cardiac output, blood flow velocity, and peripheral oxygen supply
47
Why might an increase in blood viscosity caused by red blood cell reinfusion be dangerous?
- compromise blood flow through narrowed, atherosclerotic vessels - Individuals with artery disease to increase risk of heart attack/stroke
48
What do companies do regarding ergogenic aids? What does this often do?
- Expand considerable money showing product improved performance - Often Placebo effect
49
What should sound scientific studies consider in their rationale for the effects of ergogenic aid?
- Subjects - Sex - Age - Training Status - Nutritional Status - Health Status
50
What are the guidelines / conclusions on the critical evaluation of ergogenic aids?
- Must follow logical research findings - Appropriate statistical tests must be used - Researchers must acknowledge difference between statistical and practical significance
51
How should the findings for critical evaluation of ergogenic aids be disseminated?
- published in peer-reviewed journals - findings must be reproducible
52
What are anabolic androgenic steroids?
- Synthetically produced variants of naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone
53
What does anabolic refer to?
-Muscle-building
54
What does androgenic refer to?
- Increased male sexual characteristics
55
What does steroid refer to?
- Class of drug
56
When did anabolic androgenic steroids become popular?
Early 1950s - treatment of patients deficient in natural androgens or muscle-wasting diseases
57
What are some legitimate steroid uses?
Treatment of: - osteoporosis - severe breast cancer in women - countering decline in lean body mass - HIV - Kidney dialysis - Increase body fat in elderly men
58
Where might steroid use and abuse occur?
- Competitive athletes - Body-builders
59
How young might people use steroids?-
- Boys and girls as young as 11
60
What are some potential risks for anabolic steroid use?
- impairment of normal endocrine function - decreased tendon tensile strength - Alterations in cardiac structure and function - Decreased testicular volume - Mood alterations and psychiatric dysfunction
61
What are some female-specific risks for women using anabolic steroids?
- Altered menstrual function - Acne - Hirsutism (excessive body/facial hair) - Irreversible deepening voice - Decreased breast size
62
What competes with anabolic steroids in the illicit market of alleged tissue-building, performance-enhancing drugs?
- Human Growth Hormone - known as somatotropin
63
What are Beta-2 Agonists?
- Large group of drugs that mimic actions of naturally occurring catecholamines: norepinephrine, epinephrine, & dopamine
64
Why has Clenbuterol become popular among athletes?
- Purported tissue-building, fat-reducing benefits
65
What does Clenbuterol do?
- Facilitates responsiveness of adrenergic receptors to circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, & other adrenergic amines
66
What have studies on the use of clenbuterol in animals shown?
- In Livestock (given dosage above human prescribed for asthma) increase skeletal/cardiac muscle protein deposition and slows fat gain via enhanced lipolysis
67
What does clenbuterol do for thoroughbred racehorses?
Long-term use - Decreased fat mass - Increased fat-free mass
68
What does clenbuterol do in rats?
- Altered muscle fiber type distribution - Enlargement and proportion of type II increase - Decrease protein breakdown - Increase protein synthesis
69
What were some effects found about clenbuterol use on young male rats? Good and Bad?
Good - Muscular hypertrophy Bad - Inhibited longitudinal bone growth - Increased fracture risk - Increase bone fragility
70
What were the negative effects of clenbuterol seen in horses?
- Altered heart structural dimensions - negative cardiac function - Occurred with or without exercise
71
What did clenbuterol show after physical activity? to what degree?
Aortic Enlargement - increased risk of aortic rupture - Sudden death
72
What are central nervous system stimulants used for?
- Reducing tiredness - Increase alertness, aggression, competitiveness
73
When might stimulants be used by athletes?
- Day of competition to improve performance - During training to increase intensity
74
What are some examples of stimulants?
- Amfetamine - Ephedrine - Cocaine
75
Define Caffeine
- Pharmacologically active substance found in tea, coffee, and pop
76
What does caffeine do?
- Produces mild CNS stimulation - Reduces fatigue - Increases concentration/alertness
77
What does caffeine represent?
- possible exception to rule against taking stimulants to improve performance
78
What is the ergogenic effect of caffeine on intense endurance activity?
- Facilitates fat use as an energy fuel - Sparing carbohydrate reserves
79
What two ways might caffeine generally affect metabolism?
- Directly on adipose and peripheral vascular tissues - Indirectly by stimulating epinephrine release from adrenal medulla
80
What might caffeine do to central nervous system? How?
Caffeine and its metabolites cross blood-brain barrier * reduces perception of effort | analgesic effect
81
How does caffeine work indirectly to enhance motoneuronal excitability to facilitate motor unit recruitment?
- blocking receptors for adenosine
82
What does adenosine do?
- Calms brain and spinal cord neurons
83
Why did they do the study measuring erythropoietin in urine?
- Short EPO half-life - Detection difficult after 3 days
84
What is autologous blood transfusion?
- Reinfusion of their own blood