Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KIN 335 > Cardiovascular Review > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Review Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Systolic Blood Pressure Estimate?

A
  • Work of Heart
  • Force Blood exerts against arterial walls during systole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Diastolic Blood Pressure indicate?

A
  • Peripheral resistance
  • Ease blood flows from arterioles in capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does Diastolic Blood Pressure occur?

A
  • Relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A
  • average force exerted by blood against wall during cardiac cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe structure of veins

A
  • Smooth Muscle Layer
  • One-way valves prevent back-flow of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe structure of arteries

A
  • Walls contain elastic fibers/muscle fibers
  • Smooth muscle layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In Arterioles, what controls blood flow to capillary beds?

A
  • Smooth muscle fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes fluid flow in and out of capillaries

A
  • Blood pressure forces fluid from capillary
  • Osmotic pressure within capillaries draws fluid back in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is resistance proportional to the radius of a vessel?

A
  • Inversely proportional to fourth power
  • R = flow resistence
  • r = (radius)
    R proportional to 1/(deltar^4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What controls the diameter of a capillary?

A
  • Precapillary sphincter

The precapillary sphincter consists of a ring
of smooth muscle that encircles the capillary
at its origin and controls its diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What provides a means for capillary blood flow regulation within a specific tissue?

A
  • Sphincter constriction
  • Sphincter relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two factors trigger precapillary sphincter relaxation to open more capillaries?

A
  • Driving force of increased local BP plus intrinsic neural control
  • Local metabolites produced in exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do capillaries feed into small veins or venules?

A
  • Deoxygenated blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do veins in the lower body eventually empty into?

A
  • Inferior Vena Cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the body’s largest vein?

A
  • Inferior Vena Cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the Vena Cave return blood to?

A
  • Right atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the Inferior Vena Cave return blood from?

A
  • Abdomen
  • Pelvis
  • Lower Extremities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does blood from vessels in the head, neck, shoulders, thorax and abdominal wall flow into?

A
  • Superior Vena Cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do the superior and inferior vena cava’s join?

A
  • The Heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do the superior and inferior vena cava dump into the Right Atrium?

A
  • Mixed-venous blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does blood travel in veins against gravity?

A
  • One-way valve
  • Small muscular contractions
  • pressure changes in thoracic cavity with breathing
  • Milking propels blood back to heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What would happen if their were no valves in veins?

A
  • Blood would stagnate in extremities
  • People would faint when standing
  • Reduced venous return
  • Diminished cerbral blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is blood pressure within different portions of the arterial system determined?

A
  • Relates to total area in the section
  • less area = more resistance = higher BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What reduces total peripheral resistance during rhythmic muscle activity? Why?

A

What
- Vasodilation in active muscles
Why
- Enhance blood flow through peripheral vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do alternating muscle contraction/relaxation affect the blood?
propels blood through the vascular circuit back to the heart
26
What happens to blood flow and systolic bp during first few minutes of steady-rate exercise?
rapid increase
27
What happens to Systolic Blood Pressure as steady-rate exercise continues? Why?
What - Declines Why - Arterioles in active muscles continue to dilate reducing peripheral resistance
28
What happens to diastolic bllod pressure during steady-rate exercise?
- Remains relatively unchanged
29
How does systolic blood pressure change with increasing exercise intensity?
After initial rapid rise from resting - Increases linearly wiht intensity
30
What happens to diastolic blood pressure with increasing exercise intensity?
- Remains stable - or Decreases slightly at higher levels
31
How high might systolic blood pressure increase in healthy individuals during maximum exercise? why?
How high: - 200mm Hg Why: - Likely due to large cardiac output
32
What type of exercise produces higher SBP and DBP at a given VO2max, leg or arm exercise? Why?
What - Arm Why -smaller arm muscle mass/vasculature offer greater resistance to blood flow
33
What happens following a single bout of submaximal exercise for normotensive and hypertensive individuals?
- BP temporarily falls below pre-exercise levels - Likely due to unexplained peripheral vasodilation
34
How long can the hypotensive response to exercise last?
- 12 Hrs
35
How much O2 does the myocardium extract in the coronary vessels?
- 70-80%
36
What is the sole mechanism for increasing myocardial O2 supply during exercise?
- Increase coronary blood flow
37
What two factors increase myocardial blood flow?
- Elevated myocardial metabolism dilates coronary vessels - Increased aortic pressure during exercise forces a proportionately greater volume of blood into coronary circulation
38
What does RPP stand for?
- Rate-Pressure Product
39
What is Rate-Pressure Product?
- Estimate of myocardial workload and VO2
40
How is the RPP computed?
- from product of peak SBP measured at brachial artery and HR SBP x HR
41
What is the Rate-Pressure Product an index of? explain it
What - Relative Cardiac Work Explain - Relates closely to directly measured myocardial VO2 and coronary blood flow in healthy subjects over a wide range of exercise intensities
42
What does RPP range from? what does it depend on?
- 6000 at rest - >40000 during exercise - Depends on intensity/mode
43
What does cardiac muscle do that other tissue does not?
- Has its own rhythm
44
At what rate would the heart beat at if left to its own inherent rhythmicity?
100b/min
45
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node's purpose?
Heart's Pacemaker - provides Innate stimulus of heat action
46
What accelerates the heart in anticipation before exercise?
- Nerves that directly supply myocardium - chemical "messangers" that circulate in blood
47
What adjusts cardiac output to the intensity of physical effort for heart rate?
- Nerves that directly supply myocardium - Chemical "messengers" in blood
48
Where is the cardiovascular control center?
- Ventrolateral medulla
49
What regulates the heart's output of blood and blood's preferential distribution to all body's tissues?
- Input from the brain and peripheral nervous system bombard cardiovascular control center in ventrolateral medulla
50
What are the neural mechanisms for cardiovascular regulation before and during activity?
- Higher brain areas (central command) input to ventrolateral medulla
51
What are the receptors to ventrolateral medulla?
- Aortic and Carotid Arterial Mechano-receptors - Cardiac Mechano-receptors - Skeletal Muscle Ergoreceptors
52
What do aortic and carotid arterial mechano-receptors trigger?
- arterial baroreflexes
53
What do cardiac mechanoreceptors trigger?
- Cardiopulmonary reflexes
54
What do skeletal muscle ergoreceptors trigger?
- Exercise pressor reflex
55
What does the ventrolateral medulla regulate?
Cardiovascular Center - Heart chronotropic, inotropic function - Active Skeletal Muscle: Modulation of vasomotor tune - Inactive Skeletal Muscle: Muscle Vasoconstriction - Kidney and Splenic Bed Vasoconstriction
56
What does muscle vasoconstriction of inactive skeletal muscle by the ventrolateral medulla do?
- Maintain central blood volume/pressure
57
What does neural influence do to myocardium's inherent rhythm?
- Overrides it
58
Where does neural input originate from and what does it flow through?
From - Cardiovascular Center Through - Sympathetic/Parasympathetic components of autonomic nervous system
59
What innervates the atria from the cardiovascular center?
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic neurons
60
What innervates the ventricles from the cardiovascular center?
- Almost exclusively sympathetic fibers
61
Where do Parasympathetic nerve endings concentrate in the heart?
- Atria, including SA and Av nodes
62
Where do sympathetic nerve endings concentrate in the heart?
- SA and AV node - Muscle of atria - Ventricles
63
What does stimulation of sympathetic cardioaccelerator nerves release?
- Epinephrine - Norepinephrine
64
What does the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the stimulation of sympathetic cardioaccelerator nerves do?
- Causes chronotropic and inotropic effects on heart
65
What is the chronotropic effect on the heart?
- SA node Depolarization - Increase HR
66
What is the Inotropic effect on the heart?
- Increased myocardial contractility
67
Where does sympathetic stimulation produce vasoconstriction?
- Generalized - Except coronary arteries
68
Why does sympathetic stimulation cause generalized vasoconstriction?
- Norepinephrin, released by adrenergic fibers, acts as vasoconstrictor -
69
What does Adrenergic mean?
- Epinephrin/norepinephrin neurotransmitter
70
When does dilation of blood vessels under adrenergic influences occur?
- Decreased adrenergic activity
71
What do parasympathetic neurons release?
- Acetylcholine
72
What does the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic neurons do in the heart?
- Delays rate of sinus discharge - Slows HR
73
What is bradycardia?
- slower than normal HR
74
which nerve is responsible for bradycardia?
- Stimulation of Vagus Nerve from medulla's cardioinhibitory center
75
Does Parasympathetic stimulation excite or inhibit tissues?
- Excites some - Inhibits others
76
What is the main reason for HR increase at the start and during low/moderate exerise?
- Inhibition of parasympathetic stimulation
77
How does HR increase further during strenous exercise?
- Additional parasympathetic inhibition - Direct activation of sympathetic cardioaccelerator nerves
78
What continually modulates medullary activity?
- Impulses originating in brain's higher somatomotor central command center
79
What provides the greatest control over HR during exercise?
- Central Command
80
What causes the heart rapidly turning on during exercise?
- decreasing parasympathetic inhibitory input - Increasing stimulus input from central command
81
What explains how emotional state can affect cardiovascular response? What difficulty does this create?
Explains - Central command of cardiovascular regulation Difficulty - Obtaining true resting values of HR and BP
82
Where are the reflex sensory input from peripheral receptors that send info to the cardiovascular center?
- Blood Vessels - Joints - Muscles
83
What do chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors within muscle and vasculature monitor?
- Chemical physical state
84
What do chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors within muscle and vasculature that monitor chemical physical states do?
- Modify parasympathetic/sympathetic outflow to provide appropriate cardio/respiratory response to various intensitites of physical activity
85
What three mechanisms continually assess the nature and intensity of exercise and muscle mass activation?
- Reflex neural input from mechanical deformation of Type III afferents within active muscles - Chemical stimulation of Type IV afferents within muscles - Feed-forward outflow from motor areas of central command
86
What governs central nervous system's regulation of blood flow and BP during dynamic execise?
- Specific Mechanoreceptor Feedback
87
What are the specific mechanoreceptors that govern the central nervous system's regulation of blood flow and BP during dynamic exercise?
- Pressure-sensitive baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus - Cardiopulmonary Receptors -assess mechanical activity in the left ventricle, right atrium, and large veins
88
How does peripheral input function as a negative feedback controller to regulate BP?
- Inhibit sympathetic outflow from cardiovascular center - Blunt inordinate rise in arterial BP
89
What are the two factors that relate to the volume of flow?
Volume is: - directly related to pressure gradient between two ends of the vessel - inversely related to resistance encountered to fluid flow
90
Which three factors influence resistance? ## Footnote resistance is caused by friction between blood and internal vascular wall
- Blood thickness (viscosity) - Length of conducting tube - Blood Vessel radius
91
What does Poiseulle's Law express?
- relationship among pressure differential, resistance, and flow
92
What does Flow equal? (Poiseuille’s Law)
Flow = pressure gradient x vessel radius^4 / (vessel length x fluid viscosity)
93
What is true about vessel length in Poiseuille's Law?
- Remains Constant
94
Which factors of Poiseuille's law affect blood flow the most
- small variation in blood viscosity - The transport vessel length remains constant - Radius change has greatest impact
95
How does blood flow change the most with change in radius?
- Constriction and dilation
96
What do any increases in energy expenditure require from blood flow?
- rapid adjustments
97
What happens to local arterioles of active muscles during exrcise? what about vessels of tissues that could compromise blood supply?
Active muscles - Dilate Unnessary Tissues - Constrict
98
Which two factors reduce blood flow to non-active tissues?
- Increase sympathetic nervous system outflow - Local chemicals that directly stimulate vasoconstriction or enhance effects of other vasoconstrictors
99
How does skeletal muscle blood flow relate to metabolic demands?
- Closely coupled
100
Which 2 mechanisms allow skeletal muscle blood flow to closely couple metabolic demand?
- neural vasoconstriction activity - locally derived vasoactive substances within endothelium and red blood cells
101
How many muscle capillaries remain open at rest?
- 1 in 30-40
102
What does the opening of dormant capillaries in exercise do?
- Increases total muscle blood flow - Delivers large blood volume, only minimal change in blood flow velocity - Increases effective surface for gas and nutrient exchange
103
Where do local factors related to tissue metabolism act directly for vasodilation to occur?
- smooth muscle bands of small arterioles - precapillary sphincters
104
What are some examples of factors within active muscles that regulate vasodilation?
- decreased tissue oxygen - local increase in blood flow - temperature - carbon dioxide - acidity - adenosine - magnesium - potassium - nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells lining blood vessels
105
How can the venous system increase local blood flow?
- "assessing" increases in metabolic needs of active muscle - Releasing vasodilatory factors in response
106
What does nitric oxide serve as for blood? what does it do?
Signal molecule - dilates blood vessels - decreases vascular resistance
107
What provokes Nitric Oxide synthesis in vascular endothelium?
Increased blood flow through vessel lumen - Signal Chemicals - Sheering stress - vessel stretch
108
What happens to the vascular endothelium in Congenital Heart Defects?
- less production of Nitric Oxide
109
What does the release of nitric oxide from vasculare endothelial cells do for local blood flow?
Initiates Cascade of Events: - Attenuate sympathetic vasoconstriciton - induce arterial smooth muscle relaxation - increase blood flow
110
What do drugs like Viagra and Nitroglycerin do?
- Cause Vasodilation by stimulating NO gas release
111
When does vasodilation occur from NO release?
- When NO penetrates smooth muscle cells
112
What does MAP stand for?
- mean arterial pressure - average arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle
113
What is the Equation for MAP?
MAP = DBP + [0.33 (SBP - DBP)]
114
What do MAP and Cardiac Output estimate?
- change in total resistance to blood flow in the transition from rest to exercise - TPR = MAP/Q ## Footnote TPR = total peripheral resistance
115
What are the net effects of local metabolic-induced vasodilation vs. sympathetically induced vasoconstriction?
- O2 Transport - Perfusion Pressure

KIN 335 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions