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KIN 335 > Chapter 24 - Physical Activity at Medium and High Altitude > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Physical Activity at Medium and High Altitude Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of being at near sea-level altitude?

A

No Effects On:
- Well-being
- Performance

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2
Q

What is considered near sea-level altitude?

A
  • Below 500m
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3
Q

What is considered low altitude?

A
  • 500-2000m
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4
Q

What are the effects of low altitude/

A
  • No effect on well-being
  • Performance may be diminished
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5
Q

At what level of low altitude might athletes performance be diminished?

A
  • above 1500m
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6
Q

How might performance decrements seen in low-altitude be overcome?

A
  • Acclimatization
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7
Q

What level is moderate altitude?

A
  • 2000m-3000m
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8
Q

What effects are seen at moderate altitudes?

A
  • Well-being effects on unacclimated individuals
  • Decreased maximal aerobic capacity and performance
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9
Q

Can optimal performance at moderate altitude be restored?

A
  • may or may not be restored with acclimatization
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10
Q

What level is considered high altitude?

A
  • 3000-5500m
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11
Q

What are the effects of high altitude?

A
  • Adverse health effects in most individuals
  • Significant performance decrements even with full acclimatization
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12
Q

What does the physiologic challenges at high altitude come from?

A
  • decreased ambient partial pressure of oxygen (Po2)
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13
Q

What does the oxygen transport cascade refer to?

A
  • Progressive changes in the environment’s O2 pressure and body areas
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14
Q

What does the oxygen transport cascade represent?

A
  • Oxygen cascade at different elevations
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15
Q

What must air that we inspire be?

A
  • Warmed and humidified
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16
Q

What is the partial pressure of water at body temperature?

A
  • 47mmHg
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17
Q

What is alveolar Po2 determined by?

A
  • The removal of O2 into the pulmonary capillary blood and the addition of O2 from ventilation
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18
Q

What is the slight decrease in Po2 between alveolar air and arterial blood?

A
  • 5mmHg
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19
Q

What is the Po2 of 40mmHg in mixed-venous blood due to?

A
  • Tissue oxygen use
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20
Q

What are some possible well-being effects at 1500m?

A
  • Lightheadedness
  • Headaches
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21
Q

What are some possible well-being effects at 3000m?

A
  • Insomnia
  • Nausea
  • Vomitting
  • Pulmonary Discomfort
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22
Q

What are some possible well-being effects at 4000m?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Anorexia
  • GI disturbances
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23
Q

What are some possible well-being effects at 6000m?

A
  • Lethargy
  • General Weakness
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24
Q

What are some possible well-being effects at 8000m?

A
  • Impending collapse
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25
Q

At what altitude would there be a significant change in hemoglobin percent saturation with O2?

A
  • approx 3048m
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26
Q

What happens to hemoglobin oxygenation when you transition from moderate to higher altitudes?

A
  • Dramatic decrease
  • Negative effect on mild-intensity aerobic exercise
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27
Q

Define Acclimatization

A
  • Refers to adaptations produced by changes in the natural environment, whether through a change in season or place of residence.
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28
Q

Define Acclimation

A
  • Adaptations produced in a controlled laboratory environment
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29
Q

What does altitude acclimatization describe?

A
  • adaptive responses in physiology and metabolism that improve tolerance to altitude hypoxia
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30
Q

What are some important immediate adjustments made in response to elevations above 2300m?

A

Increase
- respiratory drive to produce hyperventilation
- Blood flow during rest and submaximal exercise

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31
Q

What does increased hypoxic drive in response to high altitudes do?

A

stimulate hyperventilation

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32
Q

When does an increase in hypoxic drive increase? How long does it remain elevated?

A

When
- First few weeks
How Long
- A year or longer during prolonged exposure

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33
Q

What happens to resting blood pressure in early stages of altitude adaptation?

A
  • Increases
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34
Q

response

What happens to submaximal exercise heart rate and cardiac output in altitude?

A
  • Rises to 50% above sea level values
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35
Q

What happens to stroke volume at submaximal exercise in altitude?

response not adaptation

A
  • Remains unchanged
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36
Q

response to altitude

What compensates for arterial desaturation at altitude?

A
  • Increased submaximal exercise blood flow
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37
Q

response to altitude

What happens to the sympathoadrenal activity during rest and exercise with altitude?

A
  • Progressively increases over time
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38
Q

response

What coincides with increased blood pressure and heart rate at altitude?

what causes it?

A

A steady rise in:
- Plasma levels of epinephrine
- Excretion rates of epinephrine

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39
Q

What does an increased sympathoadrenal activity in altitude contribute to?

A

Regulation of:
- Blood pressure
- Vascular resistance
- Substrate mixture during short- and long-term hypobaric exposure

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40
Q

Sketch the Comparison of O2 Cost and Relative Strenuousness of submaximal exercise at sea level and altitude

A
  • Check Notes
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41
Q

response

What allows body water to evaporate as inspired air becomes warmed and moistened in respiratory passages?

A
  • Ambient air in mountainous regions remains cool and dry
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42
Q

response

What leads to moderate dehydration and accompanying dryness of lips, mouth, and throat at high altitudes?

A
  • Fluid loss
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43
Q

response

When does fluid loss become pronounced at high altitudes? Why?

A

When
- physically active people
Why
- large daily total sweat loss
- Exercise pulmonary ventilation

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44
Q

How does altitude affect sensory functions

A
  • altitude hinders sensory function
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45
Q

What are the immediate pulmonary acid-base responses to altitude?

A
  • Hyperventilation
  • Bodily Fluids become more alkaline due to reduction in carbon dioxide with hyperventilation
46
Q

What are the longer-term pulmonary acid-base responses to altitude?

A
  • Hyperventilation
  • Excretion of base (HCO3-) via the kidneys and concomitant reduction in alkaline reserve
47
Q

What are the immediate cardiovascular responses to altitude?

A

Increase
- submax HR
- submax Cardiac Output
Same or Slight Decrease
- Max Cardiac Output
- Stroke Volume

48
Q

What are the longer-term cardiovascular responses to altitude?

A
  • Submax HR elevated
  • Submax Cardiac Output below sea-level
  • Stroke Volume Decreases
  • Max Cardiac Output decreases
49
Q

What are the longer-term hematological responses to altitude?

A

Decreased
- Plasma Volume
Increased
- Hematocrit
- Hemoglobin Concentration
- Total # Red blood cells

50
Q

What are the longer-term local responses to altitude?

A

Increased
- capillarization of skeletal muscle
- Red blood cell 2,3-DPG
- Mitochondria Density
- Aerobic Enzymes in Muscles
- Loss of body weight/lean body mass

51
Q

how does the effect of hyperventilation at altitude to increase alveolar PO2 relate to the bodies CO2 level?

A
  • Opposite Effect
52
Q

What does carbon dioxide loss from fluids in the body create?

A
  • Physiologic disequilibrium
53
Q

How does the body manage the disequilibrium created by the carbon dioxide loss from fluids at altitude?

A
  • Produces CO2 via the action of carbonic anhydrase
54
Q

What does the high level of carbonic anhydrase activity do?

A
  • decreases H+ in the blood
  • Makes body fluids more alkaline
55
Q

How does the body control ventilatory-induced alkalosis?

A

Very Slowly
- kidneys excrete base (HCO3-) through the renal tubules

56
Q

What does the control of ventilatory-induced alkalosis by the kidneys through the renal tubules do?

A

Restores normal pH

57
Q

What happens when the pH is restored by the kidneys following ventilatory-induced alkalosis?

A
  • Increases the respiratory center’s responsiveness to enable an even greater hyperventilation response
58
Q

What does establishing acid-base equilibrium with acclimatization occur at the expense of?

A
  • Loss in absolute alkaline reserves
59
Q

What happens to blood lactate concentrations during submaximal exercise on immediate ascent to altitude compared to sea-level values?

A
  • Increased
60
Q

What is an explanation for the increases in blood lactate accumulation during submax exercise during immediate ascent to altitude?

A
  • Increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism
61
Q

What happens to lactate following several weeks of altitude exposure at the same submaximal and maximal intensity exercises?

A
  • Large muscle groups produce lower blood lactate levels
62
Q

What does lower blood lactate levels at the same submax or max intensity following several weeks of altitude exposure occur despite of?

A
  • Lack of increase in VO2max or regional blood flow in active tissues
63
Q

Where does research point to involving the lactate paradox?

A
  • Reduced output of epinephrine (during exercise)
  • Its controversial
64
Q

What does epinephrine do for glucose?

A
  • Mobilizes hormone
65
Q

What reduces the capacity for lactate formation?

A
  • Reduced glucose mobilization
66
Q

What might reduced lactate formation during maximal exercise at high altitudes partly reflect?

A
  • Reduced CNS drive
67
Q

What does a reduced CNS drive do?

A
  • Reduces capacity for all-out effort
68
Q

What is the most important longer-term adjustment to altitude exposure?

A
  • Increase in blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity
69
Q

What two factors account for the adaptation of increased blood oxygen-carrying capacity?

A
  • Initial decrease in plasma volume
  • Increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis
70
Q

What happens to the body fluid in the first several days of altitude exposure?

A
  • Shifts from the intravascular space to the interstitial and intracellular space
71
Q

What does the decrease in plasma volume that occurs within several hours of altitude exposure do?

A
  • Increases red blood cell concentration
72
Q

What happens after a week at 2300m regarding plasma volume?

A
  • Declines about 8%
73
Q

What happens after a week at 2300m regarding red blood cell concentration and hemoglobin?

A

Red Blood Cell Concentration
- Increases 4%
Hemoglobin
- Increases 10%

74
Q

What does the rapid plasma volume reduction do compared to the arrival at altitude values?

A
  • increases the oxygen content of arterial blood
75
Q

Define Diuresis

A
  • Increased urine output that accompanies the fluid shift from plasma during acclimatization
76
Q

What does diuresis do?

A
  • Maintains balance in the fluid compartments despite a lower total body water content
77
Q

What does a reduced arterial Po2 at altitude stimulate?

A
  • Increase in total number of red blood cells, or polycythemia
78
Q

What initiates red blood cell formation?

A
  • Erythropoietin
79
Q

How quickly does the initiation of red blood cell formation from erythropoietin occur?

A
  • within 15 hours after altitude ascent
80
Q

Where does erythrocyte get produced?

A
  • The marrow of the long bones
81
Q

What happens to erythrocyte production during prolonged altitude stay?

A
  • Remains elevated
82
Q

What is seen in some healthy high-altitude natives?

A
  • High red blood cell count compared to native lowlanders
83
Q

What is the result of increased hemoglobin concentration?

A
  • Even with reduced hemoglobin oxygen saturation at altitude, the quantity of oxygen in arterial blood may approach or even equal sea-level values
84
Q

What can chronic hypoxia do to capillaries?

A
  • Initiate remodeling of capillary diameter and length
  • increase capillarization
85
Q

What does the formation of new capillaries due to chronic hypoxia do?

A
  • Increase oxygen conductance to neural tissues
86
Q

What happens to myoglobin at altitude?

A
  • Myoglobin increases up to 16% after acclimatization
87
Q

What does additional myoglobin do?

A
  • augments oxygen “storage” in specific fibers
  • Facilitates intracellular oxygen release and delivery at a low-tissue PO2
88
Q

What does the increased concentration of red blood cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) facilitate?

A
  • Oxygen release from hemoglobin in long-term altitude exposure
89
Q

What does prolonged high-altitude exposure do to lean body mass and body fat?

A
  • Reduction
90
Q

What does time required for acclimatization depend on?

A
  • Elevation
91
Q

Does acclimatization to one altitude ensure acclimatization to higher elevations?

A
  • Only partial adjustments
92
Q

How long does it take to adapt to altitude up to 2300m?

A
  • approx 2 weeks
93
Q

What is the acclimatization rate after the initial 2 weeks for 2300m?

A
  • 610m every week
94
Q

When do small declines in VO2max become noticeable?

A
  • 589m
95
Q

What is the rate of decrease in VO2max due to arterial desaturation?

A
  • 7-9% per 1000m
  • Altitudes up to 6300m
96
Q

When does the rate of VO2max decrease drastically?

A
  • above 6300m
97
Q

What does VO2max average at 7000m?

A
  • one half that at sea level
98
Q

Why might there be small improvements in endurance during acclimatization, despite lack of concomitant increases in VO2max?

A
  • Increase in minute ventilation
  • Increase arterial oxygen saturation/cellular aerobic functions
  • Blunted blood lactate responses
99
Q

What happens to VO2max after several months of acclimatization despite relatively rapid increases in hemoglobin concentration?

A
  • Remains below sea-level values
100
Q

What offsets the hematologic benefits of acclimatization?

A
  • Lower max HR
  • Decreased Stroke Volume
101
Q

What increases submaximal cardiac output at altitude?

A
  • immediate response to physical activity
102
Q

What happens to increases in submax cardiac output as acclimatization progresses?

A
  • Diminishes
  • Does not improve with prolonged exposure
103
Q

What happens to progressive decreases in stroke volume during altitude?

A
  • Stays reduced
104
Q

What happens to submaximal oxygen consumption at high altitudes?

A
  • Submax oxygen consumption remains stable through expanded a-vO2diff
  • compensates for decreased cardiac output
105
Q

When does maximum cardiac output decrease in appreciable amounts? what happens after?

A
  • after 1 week above 3048m
  • Remains lower throughout stay
106
Q

What is the reduced maximal blood flow in high altitude a combined effect of?

A
  • Decreased plasma volume (reduced stroke volume)
  • Increase in parasympathetic tone
107
Q

What is the increase in parasympathetic tone at high altitude induced by? What does it do?

A
  • prolonged altitude exposure
  • reduces maximum heart rate
108
Q

When doesnt sea-level exercise performance improve after living at altitude?

A
  • When VO2max serves as improvement criterion
109
Q

What effects of high altitude acclimatization do not enhance sea-level performance?

A
  • Residual muscle mass loss
  • Reduced max HR and SV
110
Q

Why do increases in the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity not necessarily increase sea-level performance?

A
  • Reductions in Maximum Cardiac Output

KIN 335 (14 decks)

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