Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 335 > Exercise and aging > Flashcards

Exercise and aging Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of americans exceed the age of 65

A

13%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many americans will exceed 85 by 2030?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is physical inactivity deadly?

A

It causally related to nearly 30%
of all deaths from heart disease, colon cancer,and diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is healthspan?

A

total numberof years a person remains in excellent health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are healthful habits important?

A

survive longer, and the risk of disability and necessity to seek home health care is postponed and
compressed into fewer years at the end of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do gerontologists consider to be part of successful aging?

A
  • Physical health
  • Spirituality
  • Emotional and educational health
  • Social satisfaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is now the primary aging goal

A

vitality, not longevity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define healthy life expectancy

A

expected number of years living in full health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is involved in calculating healthy life expectancy?

A

disability-adjusted life expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is disability-adjusted life expectancy calculated?

A

overall life expectancy - years
of ill health, weighted according to severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which lifestyle behaviours add years to your life?

A
  • No smoking
  • Drink moderately
  • Keep physically active
  • Diet
  • Control body weight and blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what percentage of the us population exercise vigorously for 30 minutes at least 3 times per week?

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what percentage of the us population do not exercise regularly?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many americans are sedentary?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how many americans exercise lightly to moderately regularly?

A

22%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who are more likely to be physically inactive?

A
  • women
  • older adults
  • less affluent people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what increases the likelihood of an exercise catastrophe?

(7 things)

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • History of fainting or chest pain with physical activity
  • Unaccustomed vigorous exercise
  • psychologic stress
  • Extremes environmental temperature
  • Straining exercise with static muscle-action
  • viral infection or when feeling ill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is frequency of vigorous exercise associated with the risk of triggering a heart attack?

A

more vigorous exercise = less risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is SeDs important

A
  • Will cause 2.5 million premature American deaths in next decade
  • Will cost $2-3 trillion in health care expenses in the U.S. in next decade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is SeDs

A
  • sedentary environment death syndrome
  • relates to premature death caused by physical inactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when are men and women strongest?

A

20-40 years old when muscle cross sectional area is highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the patterns for strength decline with aging

A
  • Concentric strength declines slowly at first and then more rapidly after middle age
  • Power capacity declines faster than maximal
    strength
  • Eccentric strength declines laterand progresses more slowly than concentric strength
  • Arm strength deteriorates slower than leg strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is motor unit remodeling?

A

a normal, continuous process that involves motor endplate repair and reconstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does motor unit remodeling cause? What are the consequences of this?

A
  • denervation muscle atrophy
  • combined with inactivity can reduce muscle mass, function, and cross sectional area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the primary cause of strength loss between ages 25 to 85?

A
  • 40-50% loss in muscle mass
26
Q

which two factors cause a reduction in muscle mass with aging even in healthy, physically active adults

A
  • muscle fiber atrophy
  • loss of motor units

you lose muscle fibers due to denervation and disuse

27
Q

how do older men and women differ in adaptations to resistance training?

A
  • Older men who resistance train have greater absolute gains in muscle size and strength women
  • percentage improvement is similar

different absolute gains, similar relative gains

28
Q

how well does muscle respond to training?

A

responds to vigorous training with
rapid improvement into the ninth decade of life

29
Q

how does aging affect neural function?

A

40% decline in spinal cord axon number and a 10% decline in nerve conduction velocity

30
Q

what do the decrements in spinal cord axons and nerve conduction cause?

A

contribute to age-related decrement in neuromuscular performance

31
Q

how can one slow the age-related decline in cognitive
performance

A

physically active lifestyle and specific exercise training
* positively affects neuromuscular functions at any age
* lower incidence of cognitive impairment, depression, and dementia
* may prevent age-related brain atrophy

32
Q

how many older adults have impaired glucose tolerance? What does this cause?

A
  • 40% of those 65 to 75 years
  • 50% of those >80 years
  • leads to type 2 diabetes
33
Q

which 5 parts of the endocrine system are affected by aging?

A
  1. glucose tolerance
  2. pituitary gland
  3. Hypothalamic–pituitary gonadal axis
  4. Adrenal cortex
  5. Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis
34
Q

what are the consequences of the pituitary gland with aging?

A

decreases thyrotropin release

(this is a thyroid stimulating hormone)

35
Q

what are the consequences of the Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis with aging?

A

menopause and andropause

36
Q

what are the consequences of the Adrenal cortex with aging?

A
  • reduced output of DHEA
  • less steroid hormone

(dehydroepiandrosterone; hormone produced by adrenal
glands; steroid hormone precursor)

37
Q

what are the consequences of the Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis with aging?

A
  • somatopause
  • decline in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
38
Q

what are the two impairments to pulmonary function with aging?

A
  • Mechanical constraints cause deterioration in static and dynamic lung function
  • Slowing of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange kinetics during transition from rest to submaximal exercise
39
Q

how does training affect gas exchange kinetics for older men?

A

increases gas exchange kinetics to levels approaching values for fit young adults

40
Q

how quickly does aging affect VO2max

A

declines 1% yearly and occurs twice as fast in sedentary compared to physically active

41
Q

why can’t exercise completely mitigate the decrease in VO2max with age?

A
  • lower cardiac output due to smaller stroke volume and lower mhr
  • Compliance of large arteries declines from changes in arterial wall properties
  • Decreased capillary:muscle fiber ratio and arterial cross-section = less blood flow to muscle
42
Q

what causes the decline in max heart rate with aging?

A
  • reduced medullary outflow of sympathetic activity
  • decreased SA node funciton
  • reduced chronotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation
43
Q

is there a training effect for max heart rate?

A

yes, the maximum heart rate decline in athletes between age 50 to 70 is smaller than predicted

44
Q

why does stroke volume decrease with age?

A
  • combined effects of reduced left ventricular systolic and diastolic myocardial performance
  • increased left ventricular stiffness
45
Q

what is the decrease in peripheral blood flow related to?

specifically capillaries

A

age-related decrease in muscle mass

makes sense. less muscle mass, less demand for blood

46
Q

compare and contrast the effects of sedentary lifestyles and aging. Why should we train at all?

A
  • Sedentary and unhealthy behaviors produce losses in functional capacity as great as aging effects
  • Training of older persons may slow or even reverse decline in functional capacity
  • Low- and high-intensity exercise allow elderly to retain cardiovascular function at a higher level than sedentary counterparts
  • After age 18, men and women progressively gain body mass and fat until 5th or 6th decade
47
Q

How does exercise affect VO2max in older adults?

A
  • enhances heart’s systolic and diastolic properties
  • increases VO2max to same
    relative extent as younger adults
48
Q

which factors affect the magnitude of response to exercise in old age?

A
  • initial fitness
  • genetics
  • type
    of training

can include other factors too

49
Q

which conditions does regular physical activity seem to help prevent?

A
  • all cause mortality
  • coronary artery disease
  • hypertension
  • obesity
  • stroke
  • colon cancer
  • breast cancer
  • prostate cancer
  • lung cancer
  • type 2 diabetes
  • osteoporosis
50
Q

how does regular exercise affect VO2max in older adults

A

delays the decline

51
Q

What do the wide bands in figure b represent?

A
  • active individuals can have high VO2max even at old age
  • seems that physical activity status and inherent fitness are important
52
Q

How do exercise and aging affect ventricular stiffness?

A

more frequent exercise leads to more compliant arterial trees

53
Q

describe set point theory

A
  • everyone has an activity threshold/set point
  • below this point is suboptimal for healthspan
  • above it doesn’t improve aging and only improves performance
54
Q

can motor unit loss be prevented?

A

yes, old running athletes showed similar motor units in tibialis anterior compared to young people

55
Q

define specific force

A

unit of force divided by cross sectional area

56
Q

what contributes to specific force?

A

myosin concentration

57
Q

how does aging affect specific force?

A
  • equivocal findings
  • training status matters more
  • master runners had similar type 1 and 2a specific force compared to young counterparts
58
Q

which factors affect muscle loss outside of training?

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • oxidative stress
  • anabolic resistance
  • impaired regenerative capacity
59
Q

how does aging affect metabolism?

A
  • mitochondria oxidative capacity decreases
  • however, old athletes still have better capacity than young sedentary people
60
Q

is insulin affected by aging?

A

it is more affected by activity

KIN 335 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions