Pulmonary Physiology 5

Question 1

The second mechanism results from increased rate of

Answer 1

Vetilation

Question 2

In response to increased ventilation, the pressure difference between the chest and gut is

Answer 2

Widened

Question 3

Therefore, we establish a very favorable pressure gradient for

Answer 3

Venous return

Question 4

In order to allow more blood to be delivered during periods of increased metabolic demand, exercise stimulates skeletal muscle to undergo

Answer 4

Angiogenesis

Question 5

In exercise that is intense enough to exceed the anaerobic threshold (i.e. the point at which the generation of lactic acid exceeds the removal capacity), the accumulation of lactic acid can result in a very mild metabolic acidosis, which further drives

Answer 5

Ventilation

Question 6

The increase in ventilatory rate then tends to lower

Answer 6

PaCO2

Question 7

A wet epithelium, kept moist by the secretions of glands

Answer 7

Mucosa or mucous membrane

Question 8

Secretions from glands in the mucosa and/or deeper connective tissue provide

Answer 8

Protection from drying, lubrication, and control of bacteria

Question 9

The epithelium of the respiratory tract is

Answer 9

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 10

The epithelium of the GI system is

Answer 10

Columnar epithelium

Question 11

There are many components of the immune system in the lamina propria such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and plasma cells. This is called

Answer 11

MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

Question 12

Olfactory receptor cells have ciliated dendritic processes that are bathed in a serous secretion from

Answer 12

Bowman’s glands

Question 13

The bronchi have a very important defense system called

Answer 13

BALT (Bronchus associated Lymphatic Tissue)

Question 14

What is the respiratory system made up of?

Answer 14

30% goblet cells, 30% ciliated cells, and 30% basal cells

Question 15

Ciliary action that moves foreign particles up the respiratory tree

Answer 15

Mucous Elevator

Question 16

The mucociliary escelator is a very important defense mechanism and extends as far distally as the

Answer 16

Terminal Bronchioles

Question 17

Tobacco smoke is known to increase mucous secretion and to poison the

Answer 17

Cilia

Question 18

An inherited disorder in which cilia lack dynene

-Males are sterile and both sexes suffer from sinusitis and bronchitis due to immotile cilia

Answer 18

Kartagener’s (immotile Cilia) syndrome

Question 19

The respiratory epithelium contains 3-5% of cells that secrete neuropeptides and vasoactive substances into the lamina propria. These are called

Answer 19

DNES cells (Hulchitsky or K cells)

Question 20

A bronchiole lacks

Answer 20

Cartilage

Question 21

As the bronchioles get smaller and smaller, we no longer find goblet cells. but we do find

Answer 21

Ciliated cells

Question 22

Course with the bronchiole

Answer 22

Pulmonary arteries

Question 23

Secrete a lipoprotein material that reduces the surface tension in the airways to keep them open during the pressure changes of the respiratory cycle

-Appear in smallest bronchioles

Answer 23

Clara cells

Question 24

Can also metabolize foreign materials and proliferate to replace other bronchiolar epithelial cells

Answer 24

Clara cells

Question 25

Loss of elastic tissue in the bronchiole tree contributes to diseases such as

Answer 25

Emphysema

Question 26

All tissue served by a terminal bronchiole

Answer 26

Lobule

Question 27

The tissue served by one respiratory bronchiole

Answer 27

Acinus

Question 28

Immediately distal to the terminal bronchioles are the respiratory bronchioles, which are the first elements to participate in

Answer 28

Gas exchange

Question 29

The predominant cells of the respiratory bronchioles are the

Answer 29

Clara cells

Question 30

The walls of the alveoli are composed of

Answer 30

Type I and II pneumocytes

Question 31

Squamous cells through which gas exchange occurs. They form about 95% of the surface of the alveoli

Answer 31

Type I pneumocyte

Question 32

Dome shaped cells in the alveolar wall that contain lamellar or multilamellar bodies

Answer 32

Type II Pneumocytes

Question 33

Contain surfactant that is discharged into the lumen of the alveolus where it functions to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse during expiration

Answer 33

Lamellar bodies

Question 34

Because Type II pneumocytes mature late in gestation premature infants may not produce sufficient surfactant for adequate respiratory function. Such infants suffer from

Answer 34

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline MEmbrane Disease)

Question 35

Phagocytose microscopic foreign matter that escaped the mucous blanket in the conductive respiratory system

Answer 35

Alveolar macrophages (Dust Cells)

Question 36

Characterized by the distruction of tissue distal to the terminal bronchioles

-a type of COPD

Answer 36

Emphysema

Question 37

With emphysema, support for the air passages is lost and gas movement into and out of the alveoli is

Answer 37

Compromised

Question 38

In emphysema, elastic fibers in the interstitial tissues are destroyed and air passages can not remain

Answer 38

Open

Question 39

Macrophages secrete a protease inhibitor that limits the action of elastases called

Answer 39

a1-antitrypsin

Question 40

Environmental toxins such as tobacco smoke disrupt the normal function of macrophages by suppressing the production and/or function of

Answer 40

a1-antitrypsin

Question 41

The respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified and made up of

Answer 41

30% goblet cells
30% ciliated cells
30% basal cells
3-5% DNES cells

Question 42

Secretes a watery, proteinaceous secretion which serves as a solvent for odoriferous substances

-found in lamina propria of respiratory and olfactory epithelium

Answer 42

Bowman’s Glands

Question 43

The olfactory epithelium is made up of

-NO goblet cells

Answer 43

1. ) Olfactory receptor cells
2. ) Sustentacular cells
3. ) Basal cells
4. ) DNES cells

Question 44

Has cartilage plates and is the introduction of smooth muscle to the wall of the resporatory tract

-Surrounded by lung tissue

Answer 44

Intrapulmonary bronchi

Question 45

Has no cartilage, but has smooth muscle walls, and where goblet cells start to disappear and clara cells start to appear

Answer 45

Muscular bronchioles

Question 46

The blood-air barrier is made up of

Answer 46

Type I pneumocytes, endothelium of capillary, shared basement membrane