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Cardiovascular and Pulmonary > Anatomy and Development of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy and Development of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium

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2
Q

What makes up the left border of the heart?

A

Mostly left ventricle and also the upper portion of the left atrium

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3
Q

What makes up the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Mostly the right ventricle with some right atrium on the right and some left ventricle on the left

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4
Q

What makes up the posterior surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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5
Q

What makes up the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Mostly the left ventricle with some right ventricle on the right side

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6
Q

Located behind the right third costal cartilage, 1/2 inch to the right of the sternum

A

Upper right corner of the heart

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7
Q

Located behind the right sixth costal cartilage, 1/2 inch from the sternum

A

Lower right corner of heart

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8
Q

Located behind the left second costal cartilage, 1/2 inch to the left of the sternum

A

Upper left corner of heart

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9
Q

Located behind the left fifth intercostal space, 3 1/2 inches to the left of the sternum

A

Lower left corner of heart

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10
Q

What are three surface landmarks of the heart?

A
  1. ) Coronary sulcus
  2. ) Anterior interventricular sulcus
  3. ) Posterior interventricular sulcus
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11
Q

Separates the atria from the ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular sulcus)

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12
Q

The coronary sulcus contains what 4 blood vessels?

A
  1. ) Right coronary artery
  2. ) Circumflex branch of left coronary artery
  3. ) Coronary sinus
  4. ) Great cardiac vein
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13
Q

Separate the right and left ventricles on the anterior and posterioinferior surface of the heart

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

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14
Q

Which two blood vessels does the anterior interventricular sulcus contain?

A
  1. ) Anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery) - branch of the left coronary artery
  2. ) Great cardiac vein
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15
Q

Which two blood vessels does the posteriointerventricular sulcus contain?

A
  1. ) posterior interventricular artery (right posterior descending) - branch of right coronary artery
  2. ) Middle cardiac vein
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16
Q

The heart cycle is divided into

A

Systole and Diastole

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17
Q

The period during which the heart chamber is contracting

A

Systole

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18
Q

The period in which the heart chamber is relaxing

A

Diastole

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19
Q

Atrial systole precedes ventricular systole by about

A

0.15 seconds

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20
Q

When we just use the terms systole and diastole, we are referring to the

A

Ventricular cardiac cycle

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21
Q

What are the two AV valves?

A
  1. ) Tricuspid

2. ) Mitral (Bicuspid)

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22
Q

AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid

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23
Q

AV valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral (Bicuspid)

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24
Q

What are the two outflow valves?

-semilunar valves

A
  1. ) Pulmonic

2. ) Aortic

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25
Q

Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonic valve

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26
Q

Valve between the left ventricle and ascending aorta

A

Aortic valve

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27
Q

The first heart sound (S1) is the sound of

A

Closure of the AV valves at the start of ventricular systole

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28
Q

The second sound (S2) is the sound of the

A

Closure of the outflow valves at the start of ventricular diastole

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29
Q

Normal valve sounds are heard best by placing the stethoscope on the anterior chest wall over the region

A

Distal (downstream) to the valve

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30
Q

Heard best over the right ventricle in the left fifth intercostal space at the left sternal margin

A

Tricuspid valve

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31
Q

Heard best over the left ventricle in the left fifth intercostal space about 3 inches to the left of the sternum (midclavicular line)

A

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

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32
Q

Heard best over the ascending aorta in the right second intercostal space at the right sternal margin

A

Aortic valve

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33
Q

Heard best over the pulmonary trunk in the left first or second intercostal space at the left sternal margin

A

Pulmonary valve

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34
Q

The sounds generated by turbulent blood flow within or near the heart

A

Heart murmurs

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35
Q

Caused by blood passing through a narrow opening

A

Turbulence

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36
Q

At the valves, a narrowed opening may be caused by one of which two things?

A
  1. ) Stenosis (valves dont fully open)

2. ) Incompetence (valves don’t fully close)

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37
Q

The normal direction of blood flow is called

A

Orthograde flow

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38
Q

Blood will pass through the valves in its orthograde flow, but there will be a turbulence in the flow, which produces a murmur

A

Stenosis

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39
Q

Blood flows through the defect in the valve in a retrograde flow (regurgitation) during the part of the heart cycle when the valve should be closed

A

Incompetence

40
Q

Valvular stenosis will be herd as murmurs when the valve is

A

Open

41
Q

Valvular incompetence will be heard as murmurs when the valve is

A

Closed

42
Q

A systolic aortic murmur (aortic stenosis) will be best heard over the

A

Ascending aorta in the right second intercostal space as the sternal border

43
Q

A diastolic aortic murmur (aortic insufficiency) will be heard best over the

A

Left ventricle at the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line

44
Q

Atrial landmark that is derived from embryonic veins near the heart

A

Smooth walled area or atria

45
Q

What is the smooth walled area made up of in the

  1. ) Right atrium
  2. ) Left atrium
A
  1. ) Right horn of sinus venous

2. ) Pulmonary vein

46
Q

An internal landmark of the atria that is derived from the primitive atrium

A

Rough walled area

47
Q

Internal landmark of the atria that marks the region where embryonic septum secundum and septum primium did not overlap

A

Fossa ovalis

48
Q

The floor of the fossa ovalis is derived from

A

Septum Primium

49
Q

The upper margin of the fossa ovalis and the free edge of the septum secundum

A

Limbus of fossa ovalis

50
Q

May remain anatomically patent (probe patency) in

up to 25% of population although it is functionally closed

A

Limbus of fossa ovalis

51
Q

The site of embryonic foramen ovale

A

Limbus of fossa ovalis

52
Q

Internal landmark of the atria that is a ridge that separates the rough walled from the smooth walled portion of the RIGHT atrium

A

Crista terminalis

53
Q

Marks the embryonic junction of sinus venosus and primitive atrium

A

Crista terminalis

54
Q

Fold of tissue in the right atrium to the left of the orifice of the inferior vena cava

A

Valve of inferior vena cava

55
Q

In the embryo, directed blood from the inferior vena cava to the foramen ovale

A

Valve of the inferior vena cava

56
Q

Internal landmark of the atria in the right atrium to the left of the inferior vena cava

A

Orifice of coronary sinus

57
Q

Where we see venous return from most of the myocardium

A

Orifice of the coronary sinus

58
Q

The orifice of the coronary sinus is derived from the

A

Central portion of sinus venosus

59
Q

An internal landmark of ventricles that is derived from the embryonic artery near the heart (conus cordis)

A

Smooth walled area of ventricles

60
Q

Derived from the primitive ventricle (left) and proximal part of the bulbus cordis (right)

A

Trabeculae carneae (rough walled area)

61
Q

Internally projecting bundles of cardiac muscle

  • bases are continuous with ventricular wall muscle
  • internal landmark of ventricles
A

Papillary muscles

62
Q

Fibrous strands that connect the papillary muscles to the free borders of the atrioventricular valves

A

Chordae Tendineae

63
Q

Together with the papillary muscles, prevent prolapse of the A-V valves

A

Chordae Tendineae

64
Q

The trabecula carneae in the right ventricle connecting the ventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle

A

Septomarginal Trabecula (moderator band)

65
Q

The septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) contains

A

Conducting (Purkinje) fibers from the right bundle branch

66
Q

The septomarginal trabecula provides a pathway for conducting fibers to reach the

A

Anterior papillary muscle

67
Q

The muscular ventricular septum is derived from the

A

Embryonic ventricular septum

68
Q

Derived from the aorticopulmonary septum and endocardial cushions

A

Membranous ventricular septum

69
Q

The heart is supplied by two coronary arteries which are the only branches of the ascending aorta. The
arteries arise from the walls of the

A

Aortic sinuses

-behind right and left cusps of the aortic valve

70
Q

Lies in the coronary sulcus and anastomoses with the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

A

Right coronary artery

71
Q

The right coronary artery supplies the

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, interatrial septums, and both the SA and AV nodes

72
Q

Anastomoses with anterior interventricular artery. Supplies right and left ventricles

-branch of right coronary artery in 80% of people

A

Posterior interventricular artery (Posterior descending artery, RPD)

73
Q

A branch of the right coronary artery that supplies the right ventricle

A

Right marginal artery

74
Q

Arises from left side of aorta and passes behind pulmonary trunk and anterior to left auricle to reach the coronary sulcus

A

Left coronary artery

75
Q

At the coronary sulcus, the left coronary artery divides into the

A

Anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries

76
Q

Supplies right and left ventricles and interventricular septum

-anastomoses with posterior interventricular artery

A

Anterior interventricular artery (Left anterior descending artery, LAD)

77
Q

Branch of left coronary artery that lies in the coronary sulcus and supplies the left atrium and left ventricle.
-Anastomoses with right coronary artery

A

Circumflex artery

78
Q

Venous drainage of the heart is mostly by veins that drain into the

A

Coronary sinus

79
Q

The coronary sinus then drains into the

A

Right atrium

80
Q

What are two veins that do not drain into the coronary sinus but rather empty directly into the chambers of the heart?

A
  1. ) anterior cardiac veins (into right atrium)

2. ) Least cardiac (Thesbian) veins (into all chambers)

81
Q

Composed of modified cardiac muscle cells (Purkinje fibers) NOT nerve cells

A

Cardiac conduction system

82
Q

Located in the subepicardium of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

83
Q

Contains cells that depolarize faster than typical cardiac muscle cells and therefore it acts as a pacemaker for the heart

A

SA node

84
Q

Depolarization from the SA node spreads through the

A

Atrial walls

85
Q

Retards (slows) the wave of depolarization from the SA node as it passes through the atrioventricular bundle

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

86
Q

Located in the subendocardium of the right side of the interatrial septum

A

AV node

87
Q

Conducting fibers that leave the AV node and pass through the cardiac skeleton to reach the interventricular septum

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle

88
Q

The only normal electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

A

AV bundle

89
Q

Right and left branches of the AV bundle which travel in the right and left sides of the interventricular septum

A

Bundle branches

90
Q

The heart can function without any

A

Innervation

91
Q

The preganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the heart arise from the

A

Upper thoracic spinal cord

92
Q

The preganglionic sypathetic nerves synapse and become the postganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the heart in the

A

Cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia

93
Q

These postganglionic sympathetic axons travel from the sympathetic ganglia to the heart via the

A

Cardiac nerves

94
Q

The preganglionic parasympathetic innervation of the heart is from the

A

Vagus nerve

95
Q

The preganglionic parasympthetic nerves that innervate the heart synapse in the

A

Cardiac plexus

96
Q

The nerves that can sense ischemia (i.e. reach conscious levels) course with the sympathetic fibers and enter the CNS at

A

Upper thoracic and cervical levels

-cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglia

97
Q

Those sensory neurons that serve as the afferent limbs of cardiac reflexes (i.e. do not reach conscious levels) course with the vagus nerve and enter the CNS at the

A

Medulla

-cell bodies in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary (25 decks)

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