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Cardiovascular and Pulmonary > Powerpoint Notes > Flashcards

Powerpoint Notes Flashcards

1
Q

The primitive atrium develops into the

A

Rough walled portion of R. and L. Atriua

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2
Q

The sinus venosus develops into the

A

Smooth walled portion of right atrium (sunus venosus)

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3
Q

The proximal pulmonary vein develops into the

A

Smooth walled portion of the left atrium

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4
Q

Transposition of the great arteries is usually associated with a

A

VSD, ASD, or patent ductus arteriosus

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5
Q

Too much potassium outside of the cell

A

Hyperkalemia

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6
Q

What is the effect of Hyperkalemia?

A

Makes RMP less negative

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7
Q

Not enough potassium outside of the cell

A

Hypokalemia

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8
Q

What is the effect of Hypokalemia?

A

Makes RMP more negative

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9
Q

Faster in myelinated than non-myelinated neurons

A

Action Potentials

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10
Q

In the SA node, ACh binds CM2 receptors and the G-protein then activates outward rectifying K+ currents which

A

Cause RMP to become more negative and slows heartrate

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11
Q

The plateu potential is seen in the

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

During the plateau phase (phase 2) there is an inward Ca2+ current from Type L channels and an outward K+ current. These two currents

A

Work against eachother and comprise the slow plateau

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13
Q

Bind voltage-gated Na+ Channels and lock them in inactive position

A

Local Anesthetics

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14
Q

At LOW SNS tone, what do the following receptors do?

  1. ) B1
  2. ) B2
  3. ) a1
A
  1. ) Raises cardiac function
  2. ) Vasodilation of skeletal muscle
  3. ) Vasoconstriction in arterioles
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15
Q

At HIGH SNS tone, what do the following receptors do?

  1. ) B1
  2. ) a1
A
  1. ) Elevates cardiac function

2. ) Vasoconstricts VSM

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16
Q

Important vasoconstrictor of vascular smooth muscle

A

a1

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17
Q

Located in the SA node, ventricular myocytes, and renal JG cells

-increases HR and contractility

A

B1

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18
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by

A

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers

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19
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the SNS?

A

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the PNS?

A

ACh

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21
Q

To decrease HR in the heart, ACh binds

A

CM2

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22
Q

Causes resporption of calcium from bone and forming urine

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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23
Q

Sense tendon stretch as an indicator of muscle tension

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

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24
Q

Increase in muscle fiber diameter

A

Hypertrophy

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25
Q

Increase in number of muscle fibers

-only really happens in kids

A

Hyperplasia

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26
Q

Degraded and rebuilt about every 1-2 weeks

A

Muscle proteins (actin and myosin)

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27
Q

Activated in response to stimuli induced by work

-mediate regeneration in response to injury

A

Satellite cells

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28
Q

Form multinucleate myotubes which fuse with existing myofibers

-main source of muscle regeneration and growth

A

Satellite cells

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29
Q

Stimulate satellite cell proliferation and secretion of growth hormone and IGF-1

A

Anabolic androgen steroids (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

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30
Q

Induces positive nitrogen balance and proteogenesis

-Secreted from somatotropes in anterior pituitary

A

GH

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31
Q

Growth hormone stimulates hapatic

A

IGF-1 production

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32
Q

Synergize with GH to stimulate proteogenesis and regeneration

-expressed in skeletal muscle

A

IGF-1

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33
Q

Induces satellite cell mitosis

A

IGF-1

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34
Q

Expressed by satellite cells where it blocks cell cycle progression and cell proliferation of satellite cells

A

Myostatin (GDF-8)

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35
Q

What is the

  1. ) Cardiac contribution to BP?
  2. ) Vascular contribution to BP?
A
  1. ) CO

2. ) TPR

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36
Q

The volume sensed by the baroreceptor system that is available for tissue perfusion

A

Effective Circulating Volume (ECV)

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37
Q

A lengthened PR interval suggests

A

Primary Heart Block

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38
Q

Activates CM2 receptors within the SA and AV nodes to decrease HR

A

ACh

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39
Q

Allows for development of rapidly and repeatedly exciteable regions of the myocardium which form so-called circus rythms leading to ectopic pacemaker activity and tachyarrythmias

A

Reentry

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40
Q

Perfusion pressure is measured as

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

41
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is typically between

A

80-100 mmHg

42
Q

Period of atrial systole and ventricular relaxation/chamber filling

A

Diastole

43
Q

Force of ventricular contraction and arterial resistance

A

Systolic arterial BP

44
Q

Ejection fraction is typically between

A

55-75%

45
Q

Tells us about the AV node

A

PR interval

46
Q

Tells us about bundle branches and ventricular myocardium

A

QRS

47
Q

In a healthy heart, all of the limb leads have a positive P, QRS, and T, ACCEPT

A

aVR

48
Q

In a healthy heart, which of the precordial leads has the

  1. ) Smallest R wave?
  2. ) Tallest R wave?
A
  1. ) V1

2. ) V5

49
Q

The vulnerable period on the downward phase of the T wave occurs during which phases of the pacemaker potential?

A

Late phase 3 / early onset of phase 4

50
Q

Disruption in unidirectional relay which can lead to arrythmias

A

Reentry

51
Q

Has a vagomimetic effect as well as a positive inotropic effect

A

Digoxin

52
Q

AP’s can not be generated during

A

Absolute refraction

53
Q

In chronic hypertension, high pressure baroreceptors can become desensitized. This is why chronic hypertension is not associated with

A

Increased urinary output

54
Q

Increasing resistance (R) means an increase in

A

Pressure, because Q is relatively constant

55
Q

The vascular network is comprised of which 3 functional components?

A
  1. ) Resistance (arteries and arterioles)
  2. ) Exchange (capillaries)
  3. ) Capitance (veins)
56
Q

Greatest coronary blood flow and maximal O2 uptake occurs during

A

Diastole

57
Q

Pressure exerted against the vascular walls at zero flow

A

Unstressed volume (Pmcf)

58
Q

Unstressed volume that is recruited to increase pressure and flow

A

Stressed Volume (Effective Circulating Volume; ECF)

59
Q

Minutes into exercise, we see a slight rise in the venous pressure of

A

CO2

-no change in arterial PCO2

60
Q

Imparied contractility

-Ejection fraction (CO) reduced

A

Systolic HF

61
Q

Impaired filling. Stiff ventricle

-Preserved ejection fraction

A

Diastolic HF

62
Q

When your BP drops when you stand up

A

Orthostasis

63
Q

Drives secondary active transport of Ca2+ by NCX

-Inhibited by Digoxin

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

64
Q

Produced by the adrenal glands to promote muscle catabolism

-Inhibit IGF-1

A

Glucocorticoids

65
Q

Promotes myostatin, which decreases skeletal muscle mass

A

Cortisol

66
Q

Have AP’s dependent on Type L Ca2+ channels

A

Smooth Muscle

67
Q

As the ventricular myocardium stretches during diastole, we see stretch-induced

A

Ca2+ release

68
Q

ESPVR is higher, meaning that EF is decreased with greater

  • Increased O2 demand
  • Decreased SV
A

Afterload

69
Q

Receptor in the SA node that ACh binds to decrease HR

A

CM2

70
Q

Shows AV nodal and His perkinje system

A

PR interval

71
Q

In a healthy heart, Leads I and II have a

A

Positive QRS and upward T

72
Q

In a healthy Heart, lead aVR has

A

Negative QRS and T

73
Q

Describe left axis deviation (LAD)

A

Lead I = positive
aVL = strongly positive
aVF = strongly negative
Lead II = negative

74
Q

SA nodal depolarization occurs right before the

A

P wave

75
Q

If there is no P wave than there is no

A

Sinus Rythm

76
Q

To check the P wave, look at leads

A

II and V1

77
Q

If we are missing a P wave or the P waves are out of place than the problem is in the

A

SA node

78
Q

Left atrial enlargement from HTN can cause

A

A-fib

79
Q

We can see a notched R wave in

-can use precordial leads to determine which type

A

Bundle Branch Block

80
Q

Has no P wave and a widened QRS

A

PVC

81
Q

Repolarization anomolies that will manifest in the T wave or ST segment

A

Hyper/Hypokalemia

82
Q

Depolarization anomalies that will manifest in the P wave or QRS complex

A

Hyper/Hypocalcemia

83
Q

Prolonged QT due to longer contraction from increased intracellular Ca2+

A

Hypocalcemia

84
Q

Shows very large T waves

A

Hyperkalemia

85
Q

One of the main causes of A-fib is

A

Thyroid problems

86
Q

What two receptors can be targeted to target the SA node?

A

B1 and CM2

87
Q

Normal in children, but in adults sigifies LVV overload and HF

-represents rapid ventricular filling

A

S3

88
Q

S1 is seen on the ECG with the

A

Q wave

89
Q

S2 is seen on the ECG with the

A

T wave

90
Q

Monitors PCO2 as H+

A

Medulla

91
Q

Involved in:

  1. ) LVH
  2. ) Vascular Disease
  3. ) Kidney Damage
A

RAAS

92
Q

Highest arterial BP is seen on an ECG at the peak of the

A

T wave

93
Q

Osmotic pressure in the capillaries is mostly due to the protein

A

Albumin

94
Q

How would ischemia affect and ECG?

A

ST deviations and inverted T waves

95
Q

Shows inverted T waves and horizontal or downsloping ST depression

A

Chronic stable angina

96
Q

Doesn’t change Pv but decreases CO

A

Venoconstriction

97
Q

A small increase in CO leads to a large increase in

A

Pa

98
Q

A normal respiratory rate is

A

15/min

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary (25 decks)

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