At LOW SNS tone, what do the following receptors do? 1. ) B1 2. ) B2 3. ) a1

1. ) Raises cardiac function 2. ) Vasodilation of skeletal muscle 3. ) Vasoconstriction in arterioles

At HIGH SNS tone, what do the following receptors do? 1. ) B1 2. ) a1

1. ) Elevates cardiac function 2. ) Vasoconstricts VSM

Powerpoint Notes Flashcards by Joel Glotfelty

The primitive atrium develops into the

Rough walled portion of R. and L. Atriua

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The sinus venosus develops into the

Smooth walled portion of right atrium (sunus venosus)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The proximal pulmonary vein develops into the

Smooth walled portion of the left atrium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transposition of the great arteries is usually associated with a

VSD, ASD, or patent ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Too much potassium outside of the cell

Hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the effect of Hyperkalemia?

Makes RMP less negative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Not enough potassium outside of the cell

Hypokalemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the effect of Hypokalemia?

Makes RMP more negative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Faster in myelinated than non-myelinated neurons

Action Potentials

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the SA node, ACh binds CM2 receptors and the G-protein then activates outward rectifying K+ currents which

Cause RMP to become more negative and slows heartrate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The plateu potential is seen in the

Myocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During the plateau phase (phase 2) there is an inward Ca2+ current from Type L channels and an outward K+ current. These two currents

Work against eachother and comprise the slow plateau

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bind voltage-gated Na+ Channels and lock them in inactive position

Local Anesthetics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At LOW SNS tone, what do the following receptors do?

) B1
) B2
) a1

) Raises cardiac function
) Vasodilation of skeletal muscle
) Vasoconstriction in arterioles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At HIGH SNS tone, what do the following receptors do?

) B1
) a1

) Elevates cardiac function

2. ) Vasoconstricts VSM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Important vasoconstrictor of vascular smooth muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Located in the SA node, ventricular myocytes, and renal JG cells

-increases HR and contractility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The adrenal medulla is innervated by

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the neurotransmitter for the SNS?

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the neurotransmitter for the PNS?

ACh

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To decrease HR in the heart, ACh binds

CM2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes resporption of calcium from bone and forming urine

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sense tendon stretch as an indicator of muscle tension

Golgi Tendon Organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increase in muscle fiber diameter

Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increase in number of muscle fibers -only really happens in kids

Hyperplasia

Degraded and rebuilt about every 1-2 weeks

Muscle proteins (actin and myosin)

Activated in response to stimuli induced by work -mediate regeneration in response to injury

Satellite cells

Form multinucleate myotubes which fuse with existing myofibers -main source of muscle regeneration and growth

Satellite cells

Stimulate satellite cell proliferation and secretion of growth hormone and IGF-1

Anabolic androgen steroids (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

Induces positive nitrogen balance and proteogenesis -Secreted from somatotropes in anterior pituitary

Growth hormone stimulates hapatic

IGF-1 production

Synergize with GH to stimulate proteogenesis and regeneration -expressed in skeletal muscle

IGF-1

Induces satellite cell mitosis

IGF-1

Expressed by satellite cells where it blocks cell cycle progression and cell proliferation of satellite cells

Myostatin (GDF-8)

What is the 1. ) Cardiac contribution to BP? 2. ) Vascular contribution to BP?

1. ) CO | 2. ) TPR

The volume sensed by the baroreceptor system that is available for tissue perfusion

Effective Circulating Volume (ECV)

A lengthened PR interval suggests

Primary Heart Block

Activates CM2 receptors within the SA and AV nodes to decrease HR

ACh

Allows for development of rapidly and repeatedly exciteable regions of the myocardium which form so-called circus rythms leading to ectopic pacemaker activity and tachyarrythmias

Reentry

Perfusion pressure is measured as

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is typically between

80-100 mmHg

Period of atrial systole and ventricular relaxation/chamber filling

Diastole

Force of ventricular contraction and arterial resistance

Systolic arterial BP

Ejection fraction is typically between

55-75%

Tells us about the AV node

PR interval

Tells us about bundle branches and ventricular myocardium

QRS

In a healthy heart, all of the limb leads have a positive P, QRS, and T, ACCEPT

aVR

In a healthy heart, which of the precordial leads has the 1. ) Smallest R wave? 2. ) Tallest R wave?

1. ) V1 | 2. ) V5

The vulnerable period on the downward phase of the T wave occurs during which phases of the pacemaker potential?

Late phase 3 / early onset of phase 4

Disruption in unidirectional relay which can lead to arrythmias

Reentry

Has a vagomimetic effect as well as a positive inotropic effect

Digoxin

AP's can not be generated during

Absolute refraction

In chronic hypertension, high pressure baroreceptors can become desensitized. This is why chronic hypertension is not associated with

Increased urinary output

Increasing resistance (R) means an increase in

Pressure, because Q is relatively constant

The vascular network is comprised of which 3 functional components?

1. ) Resistance (arteries and arterioles) 2. ) Exchange (capillaries) 3. ) Capitance (veins)

Greatest coronary blood flow and maximal O2 uptake occurs during

Diastole

Pressure exerted against the vascular walls at zero flow

Unstressed volume (Pmcf)

Unstressed volume that is recruited to increase pressure and flow

Stressed Volume (Effective Circulating Volume; ECF)

Minutes into exercise, we see a slight rise in the venous pressure of

CO2 -no change in arterial PCO2

Imparied contractility -Ejection fraction (CO) reduced

Systolic HF

Impaired filling. Stiff ventricle -Preserved ejection fraction

Diastolic HF

When your BP drops when you stand up

Orthostasis

Drives secondary active transport of Ca2+ by NCX -Inhibited by Digoxin

Na+/K+ ATPase

Produced by the adrenal glands to promote muscle catabolism -Inhibit IGF-1

Glucocorticoids

Promotes myostatin, which decreases skeletal muscle mass

Cortisol

Have AP's dependent on Type L Ca2+ channels

Smooth Muscle

As the ventricular myocardium stretches during diastole, we see stretch-induced

Ca2+ release

ESPVR is higher, meaning that EF is decreased with greater - Increased O2 demand - Decreased SV

Afterload

Receptor in the SA node that ACh binds to decrease HR

CM2

Shows AV nodal and His perkinje system

PR interval

In a healthy heart, Leads I and II have a

Positive QRS and upward T

In a healthy Heart, lead aVR has

Negative QRS and T

Describe left axis deviation (LAD)

Lead I = positive aVL = strongly positive aVF = strongly negative Lead II = negative

SA nodal depolarization occurs right before the

P wave

If there is no P wave than there is no

Sinus Rythm

To check the P wave, look at leads

II and V1

If we are missing a P wave or the P waves are out of place than the problem is in the

SA node

Left atrial enlargement from HTN can cause

A-fib

We can see a notched R wave in -can use precordial leads to determine which type

Bundle Branch Block

Has no P wave and a widened QRS

PVC

Repolarization anomolies that will manifest in the T wave or ST segment

Hyper/Hypokalemia

Depolarization anomalies that will manifest in the P wave or QRS complex

Hyper/Hypocalcemia

Prolonged QT due to longer contraction from increased intracellular Ca2+

Hypocalcemia

Shows very large T waves

Hyperkalemia

One of the main causes of A-fib is

Thyroid problems

What two receptors can be targeted to target the SA node?

B1 and CM2

Normal in children, but in adults sigifies LVV overload and HF -represents rapid ventricular filling

S1 is seen on the ECG with the

Q wave

S2 is seen on the ECG with the

T wave

Monitors PCO2 as H+

Medulla

Involved in: 1. ) LVH 2. ) Vascular Disease 3. ) Kidney Damage

RAAS

Highest arterial BP is seen on an ECG at the peak of the

T wave

Osmotic pressure in the capillaries is mostly due to the protein

Albumin

How would ischemia affect and ECG?

ST deviations and inverted T waves

Shows inverted T waves and horizontal or downsloping ST depression

Chronic stable angina

Doesn't change Pv but decreases CO

Venoconstriction

A small increase in CO leads to a large increase in

A normal respiratory rate is

15/min

Powerpoint Notes Flashcards

(98 cards)