Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary > Anatomy and Development of the Heart II > Flashcards

Anatomy and Development of the Heart II Flashcards

1
Q

The external surface of the heart is covered with the visceral layer of the

A

Serous pericardium (or epicardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fused to the heart and also covers the roots of the greater vessels of the heart

A

Visceral layer of pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Serous pericardium reflects off the great vessels to become the

A

Parietal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Located between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The parietal layer of serous pericardium is fused to the inner surface of the

A

Fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The pattern of reflection of the serous pericardium from the visceral layer to the parietal layer creates the two pericardial sinuses, which are the

A
  1. ) Transverse sinus

2. ) Oblique sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Open at both ends and is located under the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk (outflow vessels), but above the superior vena cava (inflow vessel)

A

Transverse sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A blind recess that is closed superiorly and laterally but open inferiorly

A

Oblique sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The oblique sinus is bounded by the

-all inflow vessels

A

Inferior vena cava and the four pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The fibrous pericardium is continuous with the adventitial layer of the great vessels and with the superior fascia of the

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Because the fibrous pericardium is not elastic, the rapid accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space causes an increase in pressure which compresses the heart, this is called

A

Cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cardiac tamponade restricts cardiac filling during diastole, thus reducing

A

Cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the pressure from cardiac tamponade relieved?

A

Pericardiocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Form during the third week in the splanchnic mesoderm, induced by the underlying endoderm

A

Right and left embryonic heart tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During the fourth week, with the lateral body folding, these heart tubes meet in the ventral midline and fuse to form a single

A

Heart tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blood flows through this tube in a caudal to cranial direction. As a result of a series of constrictions and dilations, four regions of the heart tube are defined from

A

Caudal to cranial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four regions of the embryonic heart tube?

A
  1. ) Sinus venosus
  2. ) Primitive atrium
  3. ) Primitive ventricle
  4. ) Bulbus cordis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Receives venous return from the embryo, yolk sac, and placenta

-most of the left horn disappears

A

Sinus Venosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Some of the left horn and central portion of the sinus venosus are retained as the

A

Coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The right portion of the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium to become the

A

Sinus venarum (smooth walled part of right atrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Receives blood from the sinus venosus

-is retained as part of the right and left atria (the trabeculated parts)

A

Primitive atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Receives blood from the primitive atrium

-Is retained as the trabeculated part of the left ventricle

A

Primitive ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Receives blood from the primitive ventricle and is subdivided into three parts

A

Bulbus cordis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The bulbus cordis is subdivided into which three parts?

A
  1. ) Proximal third
  2. ) Conus Cordis
  3. ) Truncus Arteriosus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Retained as the trabeculated part of the right ventricle

A

Proximal third of bulbus cordis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Retained as the smooth parts of the right and left ventricles

A

Conus cordis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Retained as the roots of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Truncus Arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The heart tube folds upon itself into and S shape, resulting in the

A

Primitive atrium being more caudal than the primitive ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Venous inflow enters the

A

Posterior wall of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Arterial outflow exits the

A

Anterior wall of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The dorsal aorta and the ventral aorta are initially connected by an arching portion of the aorta formed by the

A

Head fold of the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

This arching portion of the artery is called the first aortic arch and passes through the

A

First pharyngeal arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

There are 6 aortic arches which pass through 6 pharyngeal arches and all connect the

A

Dorsal and ventral aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which aortic arches almost completely degenerate?

A

1st and 2nd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

On both the right and left sides, the 3rd aortic arch gives rise to the

A

Common carotid and internal carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The 4th aortic arch on the left becomes the definitive

A

Adult aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

On the right side, the 4th aortic arch contributes to the

A

Right subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The proximal parts of both 6th aortic arches give rise to the

-distal portion on the right degenerates

A

Pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The distal part of the 6th aortic arch on the left is retained and becomes the

-where the left side of the recurrent laryngeal nerve recurs

A

Ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Because the distal part of the right 6th aortic arch degenerates, the recurrent laryngeal nerve can not recur there as it usually would and instead must move to the

A

Right 4th pharyngeal arch (which becomes subclavian artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

At the end of the fourth week, the atrium is partially separated from the ventricle to create the atrioventricular canals by the growth of four

A

Atrioventricular endocardial cushions

-contain neural crest cells

42
Q

The endocardial cushions will contribute to the formation of the

A

Valves of the heart and the atrial and ventricular septa

43
Q

From the late fourth week to the early seventh week, the single midline heart tube is divided into right and
left portions by which three septa?

A
  1. ) Atrial septum
  2. ) Ventricular septum
  3. ) Aorticopulmonary (troncoconal) septum
44
Q

Divides atrium into right atrium and left atrium

-develops from late 4th to early 6th week

A

Atrial septum

45
Q

Partially divides ventricle into right and left ventricles

-develops in 5th week

A

Ventricular septum

46
Q

Divides truncus arteriosus into aorta and pulmonary trunk and completes division of ventricle into right and left ventricle

-develops in 6th and early 7th weeks

A

Aorticopulmonary (Troncoconal) Septum

47
Q

The atrial septum is formed from which two septa?

A
  1. ) Septum Primum (thin and flexible)

2. ) Septum Secundum (Thicker and more rigid)

48
Q

Begins to form at the end of the fourth week. It grows from the wall of the atrium toward the endocardial cushions

A

Septum Primum

49
Q

The gap between the growing septum primum and the endocardial cushion is called the

A

Ostium (Foramen) Primium

50
Q

As septum primum grows longer, ostium primum gets

A

Smaller

51
Q

Prior to the closure of ostium primum, there develops a perforation in septum primum (apoptosis) called the

A

Ostium (foramen) Secundum

52
Q

Forms before the ostium primum closes and thus maintains a continuous communication between the right and left atria

A

Ostium secundum

53
Q

An incomplete septum which covers over the ostium secundum and forms on the right side of the septum primum

A

Septum secundum

54
Q

The free edges of the septum secundum become the

A

Limbus of the fossa ovalis

55
Q

The portion of the septum primum not covered by the septum secundum becomes the

A

Fossa ovalis

56
Q

Because septum primum is flexible, it is able to bend (to the left) away from septum secundum under the influence of the right to left pressure gradient that exists in the

A

Prenatal heart

57
Q

This allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium through the

A

Foramen ovale

58
Q

Foramen Ovale remains open throughout prenatal life until the pressure gradient reverses at birth resulting in the septum primum being pressed against septum secundum, thus

A

Closing the foramen ovale postnatally

59
Q

The adult ventricular septum has which two part?

A
  1. ) Muscular septum

2. ) Membranous septum

60
Q

Develops in the fifth week from the ventricular wall, thus it is formed from cardiac muscle

A

Muscular septum

61
Q

The muscular septum partially separates the left and right ventricles, with the area of communication called
the

A

Interventricular foramen

62
Q

The membranous septum is formed from the

A

Aorticopulmonary septum and endocardial cushions

63
Q

These septa are formed by the ingrowth of two troncoconal ridges (contains neural crest cells)

A

Aorticopulmonary (troncoconal) septum

64
Q

As these ridges grow towards eachother they form a spiral, thus, the aorticopulmonary (troncoconal) septum is often called the

A

Siral septum

65
Q

The aorticopulmonary septum closes the interventricular foramen and forms the

A

Membranous ventricular septum

66
Q

What are some differences between prenatal and post natal circulation?

A
  1. ) Prenatally, oxygenated blood is from placenta and enters right side of the heart where as postnatally oxygenated blood is from the lungs and enters left side
  2. ) Postnatal nutrients come from the digestive tract and must be processed by the liver first
67
Q

Prenatally, oxygenated blood from the placenta passes through the umbilical vein and mixes with deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs and abdomen in the IVC before reaching the

A

Heart

68
Q

Prenatally, deoxygenated blood from the head and upper limbs reaches the heart through the

A

Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

69
Q

Blood entering the right atrium through the IVC has a higher oxygen saturation than blood entering the right atrium through the SVC in a

A

Prenatal

70
Q

Prenatally, blood entering the right atrium through the IVC is mostly shunted across the

A

Foramen ovale to the left atrium

71
Q

Prenatally, blood entering the right atrium through the SVC mostly passes to the

A

Right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

72
Q

Prenatally, blood leaving the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk is mostly shunted from the left pulmonary artery to the aorta through the

A

Ductus arteriosus

73
Q

In prenatal, which has a higher oxygen content, blood in the aorta proximal to the ductus arteriosus or distal?

A

Proximal

74
Q

Prenatally, the shunting of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale and
shunting of blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta through the ductus arteriosus both
depend on a prenatal pressure gradient from

A

Right to left

75
Q

In prenatals, brings placental blood toward the liver, which is then shunted past the liver to the IVC by the ductus venosus towards the heart

A

Umbilical vein

76
Q

Postnatally, closing of the umbilical vein reduces blood flow to the

A

Right atrium

77
Q

Reduces vascular resistance in the pulmonary circuit resulting in increased pulmonary flow to the lungs and increased pulmonary venous return to the left atrium

A

Expansion of the lungs

78
Q

The decrease in flow to the right atrium and the increase in flow to the left atrium results in a

A

Post natal reversal of the pressure gradient (left to right)

79
Q

The left to right pressure gradient causes a reversal of flow through the ductus arteriosus such that becomes an

A

Aorta to pulmonary shunt

80
Q

Causes the ductal smooth muscle to contract resulting in closure of the ductus arteriosus

A

Postnatal increase in oxygen tension and bradykinin and decreased prostaglandins

81
Q

The closure of the ductus arteriosus eventually becomes fibrotic and is called the

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

82
Q

The umbilical vein closes to become the

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis

83
Q

The ductus venosus closes and becomes the

A

Ligamentum venosum

84
Q

Postnatally, venous blood entering the liver from the portal vein passes through the liver sinusoids before entering the

A

IVC

85
Q

Congenital heart defects may fall under one of which two categories?

A
  1. ) Cyanotic

2. ) Acyanotic

86
Q

When deoxygenated blood enters systemic circulation resulting in a “blue baby”

A

Cyanotic congenital heart defects

87
Q

The primary determinant of whether a defect is cyanotic or not is whether the shunting of blood through that defect is

A
  1. ) Left to right (systemic to pulmonary)

2. ) Right to left (pulmonary to systemic)

88
Q

What are the following typically?

  1. ) Left to right shunts
  2. ) Right to left shunts
A
  1. ) Ayanotic

2. ) Cyanotic

89
Q

Isolated septal defects are typically

A

Acyanotic

90
Q

Atrial septal defects (ASD) may be either

A
  1. ) Primum type

2. ) Secundum type

91
Q

Results from a failure of the septum primum to fuse with the endocardial cushion, thus leaving a patent ostium primum

A

Primum type ASD

92
Q

Results from the ostium secundum not being covered over completely by the septum secundum, thus preventing acomplete closure of the foramen ovale

A

Secundum type ASD

93
Q

Which is more common, a primum or secundum ASD?

A

Secundum

94
Q

A result of excessive resorption of the embryonic ventricular septum during growth of the ventricle

A

Muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD)

95
Q

A result of defective formation of the aorticopulmonary septum and a failure of this septum to fuse with the embryonic ventricular septum

A

Membranous VSD

96
Q

Which is more common, membranous or muscular VSD?

A

Membranous

97
Q

Are VSD’s typically cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

98
Q

In VSD’s, if there the pressure in the pulmonary circuit rises so that it is greater than the systemic circuit, the left to right shunt through the VSD will become a

A

Right to left shunt

99
Q

This right to left shunt results in the development of “late cyanosis” which is known as the

A

Eismenger complex

100
Q

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close results in a postnatal aorta to pulmonary (left to right) shunt. This
is an

A

Acyanotic defect

101
Q

When the ductus arteriosus fails to completely close

-Much more common in pre-term babies than full-term babies

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

102
Q

Often successful in getting the PDA to close in preterm babies

A

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethicin along with oxygen therapy

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions