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Histology S3 > Pulmonary Histology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is air filtered?

A

Nasal Cavities

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2
Q

What 4 things comprise the air conduction system?

A

Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree

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3
Q

What is responsible for your sense of smell?

A

Olfactory mucosa

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4
Q

What does each nasal cavity open external to? Internal with?

A

External - with a nostril

Internal - with a choana

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5
Q

What is the most anterior portion of the nasal cavity? What type of epithelium is it lined with?

A

Vestibule

Stratified squamous

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6
Q

What is found on the epithelium of the vestibule? What is their purpose? What is associated with these structures?

A

Vibrissae - stiff hairs
Trap larger dust particles
Sebaceous glands

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7
Q

What segment occupies most of the volume of the nasal cavity? What 4 things constitute its function?

A

Respiratory segment

Warm, moisten, filter, and inspire air

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8
Q

What two layers compose the lining of the respiratory segment?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Lamina propria

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9
Q

What 5 cells types compose the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium? Are they found throughout the conducting part of the respiratory system?

A 
Ciliated Cells
Goblet Cells
Basal Cells
Brush Cells
Small granule Cells
Yes
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10
Q

What is the purpose of ciliated cells?

A

Move mucous towards to larynx

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11
Q

What type of secretion do goblet cells utilize?

A

Merocrine

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12
Q

What is formed by ciliated cells and goblet cells? What is its function?

A

Mucociliary apparatus

Trapping and removing small particles from the respiratory system

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13
Q

Where are basal cells found in the epithelium? What is their purpose?

A

Near base/lamina propria

Replacement cells

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14
Q

What cover brush cells? What is their purpose? Absorption?

A

Short blunt non-motile microvilli

Receptor cells, NOT for absorption

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15
Q

What cells are small granule cells homologous to from the GI tract?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

What two things can the lamina propria of the respiratory tract be attached to?

A

Perichondrium or periostium

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17
Q

What does the lamina propria contain to help warm the inspired air? Between what two conchae is this most prominent? What happens during an allergic reaction?

A

Extensive venous plexus
Middle and inferior conchae
This may become engorged and obstruct airflow

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18
Q

What are the two main functions of turbinates?

A

Increase surface area for warming/moistening air

Cause air turbulence

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19
Q

How does the lamina propria of the olfactory segment differ from that of the respiratory segment?

A

Thick lamina propria in olfactory segment

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20
Q

What type of cell does the olfactory epithelium contain that the respiratory system does not? What cell type does it lack?

A

Contains neurons

Lacks goblet cells

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21
Q

Where does the nulcei of supporting cells, olfactory cells, and basal cells lie in the epithelium of the olfactory segment?

A

Supporting cells - nuclei are apical
Olfactory cells - nuclei are in middle
Basal cells - nuclei are near base (lamina propria)

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22
Q

What type of cell is an olfactory cell? Where is it found in the epithelium?

A

Neuron

Spans entire thickness of epithelium

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23
Q

What do the dendrites of olfactory cells form as they profect toward the apical pole of the cell? What is this covered with?

A

Olfactory vesicle - a knob like structure

Covered with immotile cilia

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24
Q

What type of receptor is contained within the plasma membrane of the cilia of the olfactory vesicle? What family does it belong to?

A

Olfactory receptor

Belongs to G protein-coupled receptors

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25
Q

What do axons of olfactory cells form?

A

Olfactory nerve

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26
Q

What is the most numerous cell type in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Sustentacular (supporting) cell

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27
Q

What two roles do sustentacular cells provide to olfactory cells?

A

Mechanical - support

Metabolic - produces odorant-binding proteins

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28
Q

What is one major unique characteristics of olfactory neurons?

A

Can be replaced in postnatal development

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29
Q

What three things compose the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium?

A

Bowman’s glands
Unmyelinated axons
Venous sinuses

30
Q

What type of glands are Bowman’s glands of the olfacory mucosa?

A

Branched tubuloalveolar serous-secreting glands

31
Q

What lines the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium

32
Q

What is most of the larynx lined with? What does it change to in areas of high abrasion?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

High abrasion areas - stratified squamous

33
Q

What is the flexible tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi?

A

Trachea

34
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Cartilage
Adventitia

35
Q

What two things compose the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Lamina propria

36
Q

What is the main component of the well developed reticular lamina of respiratory epithelium in the trachea?

A

Collagen

37
Q

What is the boundary between the mucosa and submucosa of the trachea?

A

Elastic membrane

38
Q

What separated the submucosa of the trachea from the adentitia?

A

Tracheal cartilage

39
Q

What is connected to the free ends of the tracheal rings?

A

Trachealis muscle

40
Q

Where do the submucosal glands in the trachea extend to? What do they secrete?

A

Extend through lamina propria and open on surface of epithelium
Secrete mostly glycoproteins

41
Q

Is the tracealis muscle continuous? What type of muscle is it?

A

No

Smooth muscle

42
Q

What are two distinct characteristics of bronchi?

A

Cartilaginous plates

Continuous layer of smooth muscle

43
Q

What are the 5 layers of the wall of a bronchi?

A 
Mucosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Discontinuous cartilaginous plates
Adventitia
44
Q

Besides ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells over the lamina propria, what is found within the lamina propria of bronchi that is not typically found in the trachea?

A

BALT - bronchi-associated lymphatic tissue

45
Q

What type of muscle is the muscularis?

A

Smooth

46
Q

What two things compose the submucosa loose CT of the bronchi?

A

Glands and adipose tissue

47
Q

What disappears as bronchi’s descend that makes them turn into bronchioles?

A

Discontinuous cartilaginous plates disappear

48
Q

How big are bronchioles?

A

1mm or less

49
Q

What two things to bronchioles not contain?

A

Cartilage and glands

50
Q

What separated bronchioles?

A

Pulmonary septa - thin layer of connective tissue

51
Q

What line terminal bronchioles? What two types of cells are found here? Purpose of each?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium (ciliated)
Cuboidal with cilia - transport of secretions upward
Club cells - specialized secretory cells - secreting lipoproteins (surface-active agents) and club cell proteins - abundant component of airway secretions

52
Q

Is there a significant amount of smooth muscle in walls of terminal bronchioles?

A

Yes

53
Q

What is the first segment to perform gas exchange?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

54
Q

What type of cell composes a majority of the lining of respiratory bronchioles?

A

Club cells

55
Q

Is there a significant amount of smooth muscle in the walls of respirtory bronchioles?

A

No

56
Q

What does the respiratory bronchiole become when more and more alveoli open up into it?

A

Alveolar duct

57
Q

What are spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli called?

A

Alveolar sacs

58
Q

How larg is the inner surface of human lungs?

A

75 m^2

59
Q

What separateds alveoli from eachother?

A

Alveolar septa

60
Q

What do the capillaries and the connective tissue of the septum form?

A

Interstitium

61
Q

Where is the richest capillary network in the body found?

A

Interstitium of alveoli

62
Q

Are the walls of capillaries surround alveoli continuous or fenestrated?

A

Continuous

63
Q

What are the two main types of cell that line the air spaces of the alveolus?

A

Type I pneumocyte

Type II pneumocyte

64
Q

Which pneumocyte is regenerated from the other? Discuss similarities and differences

A

Type I pneumocyte - flattened squamous cell, 95% surface, only 1/2 of the cells on the surface, joined by occluding junctions, basal lamina fused with tight capillaries. Regenerated from Type II
Type II pneumoctye - large secretory cell, contains mulilamellar bodies contianing surfactant, constitute 1/2 of cells on alveolar surface

65
Q

What three things compose the barrier that most gas exchange occurs across?

A

Type I pneumocyte
Endothelial cells
Fused basal laminae

66
Q

How are granules of surfactant released?

A

Exocytosis

67
Q

Where are Type II pneumocytes more concentrated?

A

Around septal junctions

68
Q

What is RDS (respiratory distress syndrome)?

A

Insufficient synthesis of surfactant by Type II pneumocytes

69
Q

What are found within the interalveolar septum that connects neighboring alveoli? What is their function?

A

Alveolar pores - equalize air pressure and provide collateral air circulation if bronchi are obstructed

70
Q

What are alveolar macrophages derived from? What two areas are they found? What is their purpose?

A

Blood monocytes
Septal walls and alveolar spaces
Collect particles such as dust and pollen

71
Q

What is the most common lung cancer and can be found in both smokers and non-smokers?

A

Non-small-cell carcinoma

Two types - squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

72
Q

What are the most aggressive and rapidly growing lung cancer?

A

Small cell carcinomas (Oat cell carcinomas)

Histology S3 (6 decks)

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