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Histology S3 > Endocrine - Adrenal > Flashcards

Endocrine - Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the parenchyma of the adrenal gland divided into?

A

Cortex - outer - yellowish

Medulla - inner - reddish-brown

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2
Q

Where do cortical cells of the adrenal gland originate from? Medullary cells?

A

Mesenchyme - cortical cells (mesodermal)

Neural crest cells - Medullary cells (ectodermal)

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3
Q

How is the adrenal gland organized?

A

Endocrine gland - cords of secretory cells arranged along fenestrated capillaries

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4
Q

What is the capsule of the adrenal medulla formed by? What does it send into the parenchyma of the gland?

A

Dense CT

Sends trabeculae into the gland

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5
Q

What percent of the adrenal gland does the cortex form?

A

90%

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6
Q

As the steroid producing part of the gland, what three things does the cortex produce?

A

Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens

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7
Q

What organelle is abundant in the cells of the cortex?

A

SER

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8
Q

Are steroids stored int he cytoplasm of cortical cells or released immediately?

A

Released immediately

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9
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex? Percent of the cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa - 15%
Zona fasciculata - 65%
Zona reticularis - 7%

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10
Q

What type of cells are in the zona glomeruloas? How are they arranged?

A

Cuboidal/pyramidal cells

Arch cords or curved columns

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11
Q

What do cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete? What does this ultimately do?

A

Mineralocorticoids - regulate Na and K homeostasis and H2O balance

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12
Q

What is the principal mineralocorticoid secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

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13
Q

What 4 tissues does aldosterone act on to cause reabsorption of Na?

A

Kidney tubules
Gastric mucosa
Salivary glands
Sweat glands

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14
Q

What system provides feedback to the zona glomerulosa? What specifically?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Angiotensin II stimualtes zona glomerulosa to produce aldosterone

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15
Q

What cells are found in the zona fasiculata? How are they typically arranged?

A

SPongiocytes

One or two cell thick straight cords

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16
Q

What do spongiocytes mainly secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol)

17
Q

What are two important role of glucocorticoids?

A

Increasing metabolism of glucose and FA
Depressing immune and inflammatory responses - decreasing IL-1 and IL-1 from lymphocytes and macrophages and decreasing lymphblast mitosis within lymph nodes

18
Q

What controls glucocorticoid production?

A

ACTH produced by corticotropes of anterior pituitary

19
Q

Besides signaling glucocorticoid production, what else is ACTH also necessary for in the adrenal gland?

A

Increase growth and blood flow through gland

20
Q

What is the inner most layer of the adrenal cortex? What do these small cells contain? How do they stain?

A

Zona reticularis
Lipofuscin granules
Eosin (intense, due to fewer lipid droplets)

21
Q

What two things do cells in the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Androgens and glucocorticoids

22
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaddin cells

Ganglion Cells

23
Q

What are chromaffin cells derived from? Theya re modifed what?

A

Neural crest cells

Modified postsynaptic neurons

24
Q

What suppresses axonal growth of chromaffin cells?

A

Glucocorticoids

25
Q

What do cromaffin cells store and secrete?

A

NE and Epi

26
Q

How do chromaffin cells secreting NE differ from those secreting Epi?

A

NE - larger secretory granules - 20%

Epi - smaller secretory granules - 80%

27
Q

What innervates chromaffin cells?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers

28
Q

What is released fom the synaptic terminals of sympathetic nerve fibers to cause degranulation of chromaffin cells?

A

Acetylcholine

29
Q

What do ganglion cells of the adrenal medulla do?

A

Modulate activity of chromaffin cells

30
Q

What supplies the adrenal gland with blood?

A

Suprarenal arteries

31
Q

How is the blood supply organized in the adrenal medulla?

A

Capsular arteries - irrigate capsule
Cortical arteries - form fenetrated cortical sinusoidal cap
Medulalry arteries - pass through cortex and supply medulla

32
Q

What are the two blood supplies of the adrenal medulla? What do each contain?

A

Medullary arteries - oxygenated blood

Cortical capillaries - glucocorticoid rich blood

33
Q

What structures collect the blood from within the medulla? What do these then drain into?

A

Adrenomedullary collecting veins
Large central adrenomedullary vein
to IVC on rights and left renal on left

Histology S3 (6 decks)

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