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Histology S3 > Endocrine - Pituitary and Pineal Gland > Flashcards

Endocrine - Pituitary and Pineal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two feedback mechanisms utilized by the endocrine system?

A

Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback

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2
Q

What is the hypophysis?

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

What two glands provide endocrine and neuroendocrine control of other endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalmus and pituitary gland

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4
Q

Is the pituitary gland paired?

A

No

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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located in the skull?

A

Sella turcica

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6
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalmus?

A

Infundibular stalk

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7
Q

What type of tissue surrounds the pituitary gland?

A

Dense irregular CT

Continuation of dura mater of the brain

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8
Q

What are the two functional components of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis - anterior

Neurohypophysis - posterior

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9
Q

What is the adenophysis derived from? The neurohypophysis?

A

Adenophysis - oral ectoderm

Neurohypophysis - downgrowth of neurectoderm or diencephalon

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10
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch?

A

The invagionation of the ectogerm of the oral cavity during embryology that develops into the adenohypophysis

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11
Q

How is endocrine tissue, like that of the pituitary gland, typically organized?

A

Organized into clumps and cords around fenestrated capillaries

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12
Q

What are the three regions of the adenohypophysis? Where are each located?

A

Pars distalis - anterior most, largest portion
Pars intermedia - thin remnant of posterior all of Pathke’s pouc
Pars tuberalis - collor/sheath around infundibular stalk

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13
Q

What are remnants of the Rathke’s pouch lumen called? Where are they found? What are they lined with

A

Rathke’s cysts
Pars intermedia
Lined with cuboidal epithelium

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14
Q

What are chromophiles? Chromophobes?

A

Chromophiles - cells with secretory granules that pick up dye
Chromophobes - do not have intensely staining secretory granules

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15
Q

What are two types of chromophobes found in the adenohypophysis?

A

Stromal cells

Degranualted chromophiles

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16
Q

What are two sub-categories of chromophiles?

A

Basophils

Acidophils

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17
Q

What are the two cells types of acidophils in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotropes

Lactoropes

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18
Q

What do somatotropes secrete? What endocrine organ controls this secretion? Which things causes production? Inhibition?

A

Secrete somatotropin (growth hormone)
Hypothalmus
GHRH - stimulates
Somatostatin - inhibits

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19
Q

What do lactoropes secrete? What are they stimulated and inhibited by? Where do each of those come from?

A

Secrete prolactin
Stimulated by TRH
Inhibited by dopamine

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20
Q

What happens to lactorope cells during pregnancy?

A

Increase in size and number

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21
Q

What is the most abundant cell in the adenohypophysis?

A

Somatotropes

22
Q

What are the three basophil cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

Corticotropes, gonadotropes, thyrotropes

23
Q

What do corticotropes produce? What stimulates this release? From where?

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates ACTH release. It is produced in the hypothalmus
24
Q

What two hormones are secreted from gonadotropes? controlled by what? From where?

A

FSH and LH

Controlled by hypothalmus by secretion of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

25
Q

What to thyrotropes produce? What controls this secretion?

A

Secrete TSH

Controlled by TRH

26
Q

What two parts comprise the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa

Infundibulum

27
Q

What two cell types are contained in the neurohypophysis?

A

Axons of hypothalamic neurons

Pituicytes - glial cells

28
Q

What two things do the hypothalamic neurons secrete into pars nervosa?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

29
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Large distended axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons located in the pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

30
Q

What two arteries supply the pituitary?

A

Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries

31
Q

What 4 parts are supplies by the superior hypophyseal artery?

A

Pars tuberalis
Infundibulum
Median eminence
Pars distalis

32
Q

What is the most prominent feature of the hypophyseal blood supply?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

33
Q

What does the hypophyseal portal vein run between?

A

Primary capillary plexus to secondary capillary plexus (around pars distalis)

34
Q

What type of capillaries are contained in the capillary plexi?

A

Fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries

35
Q

What artery supplies the pars nervosa?

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery

36
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Posterior end of third ventricle of the brain

37
Q

What does the pineal gland form as an outcropping of? Similarly to what structure?

A

Dicephalon

Neurohypophysis

38
Q

What covers the pineal gland?

A

Pia matter

39
Q

Pia matter extends into the pineal gland as what? What runs in them?

A

Septa

Blood vessels

40
Q

What are corposa aernacea? Where are they found?

A

Aggregates of calcium phosphate

Located in pineal gland

41
Q

How do the corposa aernacea change with age?

A

Increase in number and size with age

42
Q

What two cell types are found in the pineal gland?

A

Pinealocytes

Glial Cells

43
Q

What are the principal cells of the pineal gland? What did they likely evolve from? They are considered modified ______ cells

A

Pinealocytes
Photoreceptors
Neuronal

44
Q

Where are axons located in the pineal gland in relation to the pinealocytes?

A

Spacers between clusters of pinealocytes

45
Q

Describe the characteristics of the pineolcyte nucleus and nucleolus

A

Nucleus - large euchromatic

Nucleolus - prominent

46
Q

What do pinealocytes secrete?

A

Melatonin

47
Q

What tract conveys information about light/dark cycles to the pineal gland?

A

Retinothalamic tract

48
Q

What controls the systhesis and secretion of melatonin?

A

NE released by sympathetic neurons

49
Q

What activity does melatonin inhibit?

A

Steroidogenic activity of gonads is inhibited by melatonin

50
Q

What are the supporting cells of the pineal gland?

A

Glial cells

51
Q

What percent of the pineal gland is pinealocytes? Glial cells?

A

Pinealocytes - 90%

Glial cells - 5-10%

52
Q

How do glial cell nuclei compare to pinealocytes?

A

Smaller and heterochromatic

Histology S3 (6 decks)

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