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Histology S3 > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovaries?

A

Produce oocytes

Produce sex hormones

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2
Q

What do each of the ends of the uterine tubes open into?

A

Peritoneal cavity

Uterus

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3
Q

What is the germinal epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium lining the ovary

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4
Q

What lies underneath the germinal epithelium, separating it from the cortex of the ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

What are the two components of the cortex of the ovary?

A

Ovarian follicles

Stroma (highly cellular)

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6
Q

What are the interstitial glands of the ovary? Remnant of? Where are they found?

A

Found in stroma
Remnants of atretic follicles
Composed of luteal cells - produce estrogen

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7
Q

When are interstitial glands most prominent? When do they decrease in number?

A

Most prominent in 1st year of life

Decrease thereafter

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8
Q

What part of the ovary contains a rich vascular bed and nerves?

A

Medulla

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9
Q

When do oocytes first enter meiosis and arrest in prophase 1? What are they considered at this point?

A

5th month of gestation

Primary oocyte

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10
Q

What are the three types of ovarian follicles?

A

Primordial follicles
Growing follicles
Mature (Graafian) follicles

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11
Q

Where in the cortex are primordial follicles mostly found? What type of cells surround the oocyte?

A

Outer cortex, close to albuginea

Oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells

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12
Q

What stimulates the change from primordial follicles to growing follicles?

A

FSH

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13
Q

What are the two types of growing follicles?

A

Primary follicles

Secondary follicles

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14
Q

How does the oocyte change in a primary follicle? Follicular cells?

A

Oocyte enlargens

Follicular cells proliferate to cuboidal or columnar

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15
Q

How to unilaminar and multilaminar primary follicles differ?

A

Unilaminar - one layer of follicular cells

Multilaminar - follicular cells become granulosa cells and have multiple layers, called stratum granulosum

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16
Q

In unilaminar primary follicles, what is secreted from the oocyte? What is this called?

A

Layer of cross-linked proteins

Zona pellucida

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17
Q

What do the oocyte develop that project into the zona pellucida? Do the follicualr cells form the same things in the opposite direction?

A

Microvilli

yes

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18
Q

What is the stratum granulosum? What follicle is it found in?

A

Multiple layers of granulosa cells

Found in multilaminar primary follicles

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19
Q

What are found beneath the plasma membrane of multilaminar primary follicles that are released after fertilization? What do they do?

A

Cortical granules

Make zona pellucida impermeable after fertilization, preventing polyspermy

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20
Q

What does connective tissue around the late (multilaminar) primary follicle become?

A

Theca folliculi

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21
Q

What is the characteristic identify feature indicating primary follicles have become secondary follicles?

A

Presence of antrum

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22
Q

What fills antrums? What are they formed by?

A

Liquor folliculi - hyaluronic acid-rich fluid

Granulosa cells

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23
Q

Surrounding the secondary follicle, what is the theca divided into?

A

Theca interna

Theca externa

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24
Q

Which part of the interna is highly vascular? What defining characteristics do these cells have?

A

Theca interna

Steroid producing - lipid droplets, mitochondria with tubular cristae, and SER

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25
Q

What receptors are found on theca interna cells?

A

LH hormone receptors

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26
Q

What does LH stimulate theca interna cells to make? Where is it then taken? Converted to what?

A

Androgens
Diffuse through basement membrane
Converted to estrogen by aromatose within granulosa cells

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27
Q

What does estrogen promote?

A

Follicular growth

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28
Q

What composes the theca externa?

A

Collagen bundles and fibroblases

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29
Q

What distinguishes a mature (Graafian) follicle?

A

Very large antrum, membrana granulosa becomes thinner

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30
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

Thickened mound of grnaulosa cells in mature follicle

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31
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Single-cell thick layer of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte

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32
Q

How long does the corona radiata stay attached to the oocyte?

A

Through ovulation

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33
Q

What is deposited between the cumulus oophorus-oocyte complex and membrana granulosa under hormonal regulation?

A

Glucosaminoglycans

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34
Q

What phase of meiosis is the oocyte of a mature follicle arrested in?

A

Prophase I

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35
Q

What is surge released 24 hours before ovulation? What happens to the oocyte?

A

FSH and LH
Completes meiosis I and arrested in metaphase II
Becomes secondary oocyte

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36
Q

When does the oocyte complete meosis II?

A

Only if penetrated by spermatozoon

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37
Q

Are two oocytes produced after meiosis I is completed?

A

No, one forms first polar body

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38
Q

What 2 things happen to stimulate the release of the oocyte from the follicle?

A

Follicular wall enzymatically proteolysis by activated plasminogen
Macula pellucida - ovarian wall area that stops receiving blood supply

39
Q

What is the corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

Bleeding of the capillaries in the theca interna after ovulation

40
Q

What two cells types form the corpus luteum? What are they respectively called (same)?

A

Granulosa and theca interna cells

Luteal cells

41
Q

What do granulosa lutein cells secrete? Theca lutein cells?

A

Granulosa lutein - progesterone and still convert androgens to estrogen
Theca lutein - produce progesterone and androgens

42
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus luteum?

A

Act as powerful endocrine gland to stimulate growth and secretory activity of uterine endometrium

43
Q

In pregnancy, how long does the corpus luteum persist? Due to what? What takes over as the endocrine gland after this point?

A

8 weeks - due to presence of hCG

Placenta

44
Q

High levels of what are produced by the corpus luteum to inhibit follicular development within the ovary?

A

Progesterone

45
Q

When does the corpus albicans form? What does it look like?

A

If fertilization does not occur

White scar

46
Q

How long does it take for the corpus albicans to disappear?

A

Several months

47
Q

What is ovarian follicular atresia?

A

Follicles degenerating and disappearing due to not all being able to mature

48
Q

What precipitates follicular atresia?

A

Granulosa cells stop dividing, detach from basement membrane, and undergo apoptosis

49
Q

What invades the granulosa cell during follicular atresia?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

50
Q

Do all of the granulosa and theca cells die off during follicular atresia?

A

No, some survive as luteal cells, forming interstital glands that produce estrogen

51
Q

What are the 4 regions of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural part

52
Q

What part of the uterine tube is the site of fertilization?

A

Ampulla

53
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine tube?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

54
Q

What does the mucosa of the uterine tube lie on?

A

Lamina propria

55
Q

Where are the deep longitudinal folds of the mucosa best expressed? Not well expressed?

A

Ampulla - best

Isthmus and intramural - not well expressed

56
Q

What is the epithelium of the uterine tube?

A

Ciliated simple columnar

57
Q

What are the two types of cells in the epithelium of the uterine tube?

A

Ciliated cells - beat towards uterus

Peg cells - produce nutrients for ovum

58
Q

Which layer of the muscularis in thicker? Where is it thickest?

A

Inner

Isthmus

59
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

60
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium? Which is shed during the menstrual cycle?

A

Stratum basale

Stratum functionale - sloughed during menstruation

61
Q

What lines the surface of the endometrium? What extend from the surface to the base of the epithelium?

A

Simple columnar

Unbranched tubular glands

62
Q

What is the highly cellular loose CT under the simple columnar of the uterus? What does it resemble?

A

Endometrial stroma

Resembles mesenchyme

63
Q

What are arcuate arteries derived from? Where do they branch to radial arteries?

A

Derived from uterine artery

Branch to radial in myometrium

64
Q

What branches off radial arteries that supply the statum basale?

A

Straight arteries

65
Q

What are branches of radial arteries that continue towards the luminal surface?

A

Spiral arteries

66
Q

What are dilated segments of capillaries called near the surface of the uterine cavity?

A

Lacunae

67
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Proliferative
Secretory
Menstrual

68
Q

What phase is concurrent with follicular maturation? What is it influenced by?

A

Proliferative phase

Estrogen secretion from ovary

69
Q

What happens to the stratum basale during proliferative phase?

A

Rapidly proliferates

70
Q

What phase to spiral arteries increase in length?

A

Proliferative phase

71
Q

When does the proliferative phase typically end?

A

1 day before ovulation

72
Q

How thick is the endometrium at the end of proliferative phase? doe the glands have secretory activity?

A

3mm

No

73
Q

What phase if concurrent with the active corpus luteum? What is it influenced by?

A

Secretory phase

Influenced by progesterone

74
Q

How does the endometrium change in the secretory phase? How?

A

Doubles height to 5-6mm

Through hypertrophy/edema (not mitosis)

75
Q

When are the uterine glands activated and enlarged and become coiled?

A

Secretory phase

76
Q

What do the uterine glands fill with? For what purpose?

A

Glycogen to support potential zygote

77
Q

What signals menstrual phase to occur?

A

Decline of progesterone and estrogen

78
Q

How do spiral arteries contract? Purpose?

A

Periodically, for hours, causing ischemia

79
Q

How does the endometrium change in menstrual phase?

A

1st - glands stop secreting
2nd - absence of blood flow ruptures vessels
3rd - endometrium sloughs

80
Q

Is clotting allowed during menstruation?

A

No, it is inhibited

81
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial cells settle outside uterus (ovary, oviduct, colon) - follows same cycles as endometrium

82
Q

What layer of the myomtrium contains blood and lymphatic vessels?

A

Middle layer - stratum vasculare

83
Q

How long are smooth msucle myocytes in non-pregnant uterus? Pregnant?

A

50um

500-600um

84
Q

What forms a Leiomyoma? Are they benign or malignant? Hormone dependent?

A

Smooth muscle and CT
Benign
Yes - hormone dependent

85
Q

What population usually get leiomyosarcoma?

A

Post-menopausal women

86
Q

How does the epithelium of the proximal and distal cervix differ?

A

Endocervix - simple columnar

Ectocervix - stratified squamous

87
Q

What is the transition zone?

A

Border between endocervix and ectocervix

88
Q

Is mucous produced in the cervix?

A

Yes

89
Q

What is the most common place for cervical cancer? What infection is it associated with?

A

Transitional zone

HPV

90
Q

Does the vagina have glands?

A

No

91
Q

What are the two mucosal layers of the vagina? Rugae?

A

Epithelium - non-keratinized stratified squamous

Lamina propria - loose CT

92
Q

What causes vaginal cells to produce glycogen that is metabolized by bacteria? For what purpose?

A

Estrogen

Create lactic acid to lower pH

93
Q

What is contained in the lamina propria of the vagina to help with erection?

A

Veins

Histology S3 (6 decks)

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