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Histology S3 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the testes?

A 
Produce Male games (spermatozoa)
Produce Androgens (sex hormones)
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2
Q

What are three excurrent ducts that help sperm mature and deliver them to the urethra?

A

Ductuli efferentes
Ductus Epididymidis
Ductus (vas) deferens

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3
Q

What are the three male accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands

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4
Q

What three things compose the capsule of the testes? What composes each

A

Tunica albuginea - dense CT outer covering
Tunica vasculosa - inner layer of loose CT with large amount of blood vessels
Mediastinum testis - thickening of tunica albuginea projecting inward posteriorly - blood, lymph vessels , and rete testes

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5
Q

Projections of the capsule of the testis divide it into how many lobules?

A

250

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6
Q

What is contained inside each lobule of the testis? How many?

A

Seminiferous tubules

1-4 each, highly coiled

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7
Q

Short straight segments of the seminiferous tubules are called what? What do they continue into?

A

Straight tubule

Rete teste

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8
Q

What is the testicular interstitium?

A

Space between the seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

What is contained in the testicular interstitium?

A

Highly vascularized loose CT

Leydig cells - endocrine interstitial cells

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10
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

A

Steroid-producing endocrine cells

Testosterone

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11
Q

What are three distinct features of Leydig cells since they are steroid-producing cells?

A

Well-developed SER
Mitochondria with tubular cristae
Lipid Droplets

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12
Q

Electron microscopy of Leydig cells reveals the presence of what? What are these accumulations of?

A

Crystals of Reinke

Accumulations of proteins

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13
Q

What three structures does Testosterone of the Leydig cells pass through to get to various parts of the body?

A

Lymph
Blood vessels
Seminiferous Tubules

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14
Q

When do Leydig cells differentiate and start producing testosterone?

A

Early during fetal life

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15
Q

Leydig cells received feedback from what to produce testosterone? What hormone in particular?

A

Anterior pituitary

LH

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16
Q

How long is each seminiferous tubule?

A

30-80cm

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17
Q

What two structures comprise the seminiferous tubule?

A

Seminiferous epithelium

Tunica (lamina) propria - fibroblasts and collagen

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18
Q

What two cell types are contained in the seminiferous epithelium?

A

Sertoli cells

Spermatogenic cells

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19
Q

What are the support cells of the seminiferous tubules that constitute its true epithelium?

A

Sertoli cells

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20
Q

Where do Sertoli cells lie int he epithelium? What do they interact with?

A

Extend from base to apex

Interact with spermatogenic cells

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21
Q

What are three distinct features of Sertoli cells on stain?

A

Very large
Irregular, light-staining euchromatic nucleus
Well-expressed nucleolus

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22
Q

What is the most interesting morphological feature of Sertoli cells? What does it form these with?

A

Form cellular junctions - tight and adherens

Other Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells

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23
Q

What are the 6 main functions of Sertoli cells

A 
Nourish germ cells
Germ cell movement
Structural support
Blood-testis barrier
Secretion of ABP and inhibin
Phagocytize residual bodies
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24
Q

What is a secretory product of Sertoli cells that nourishes germ cells?

A

Fructose

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25
Q

Where compartment do germ cells start in? What compartment do they move into as they differentiate?

A

Basal compartment to

Adluminal compartment

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26
Q

What type of junctions do Sertoli cells form with other Sertoli cells?

A

Tight junctions

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27
Q

What part of the seminiferous tubule is immunologically priveleged? What does this mean?

A

Adluminal compartment, medial to tight junctions of sertolic cells with other sertoli cells
Immune response is limited or suppressed

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28
Q

What binds testosterone in the seminiferous tubule to concentrate it there to allow spermatogenesis to happen?

A

Androgen-binding protein

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29
Q

What hormone stimulates the secretion of ABPs by Sertoli cells? Where is it from?

A

FSH

From gonadotropin cells of anterior pituitary

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30
Q

What is produced by Sertoli cells to inhibit release of FSH at the anterior pituitary?

A

Inhibin

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31
Q

What two things control activity of Sertoli cells?

A

FSH

Testosterone

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32
Q

What does the most immature layer of spermatogenic cells contact? Most mature?

A

Least mature - tunica propria/basement membrane

Most mature - Lumen of seminiferous tubules

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33
Q

What are the 4 phases of spermatogenic cells? Which compartment is each found in?

A

Spermatogonial - basal
Spermatocyte - adluminal
Spermatid - adluminal
Mature sperm - adluminal

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34
Q

What process of differentiation are spermatogonial cells under going in the basal layer?

A

Mitosis

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35
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of Spermatogonial cells?

A

Round or oval shaped

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36
Q

Based on the nucleus, what are the three types of spermatogonia cells?

A

Type A dark - Ad - ovoid nulceus, basophilic chromatin
Type A light - Ap - ovoid nucleus, light staining
Type B - spherical chromatin condense into large clumps

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37
Q

What type of spermatogonia undergo mitosis?

A

Type Ap

38
Q

After undergoing mitosis, why do Ap spermatogonia remain connected by a thin cytoplasmic bridge?

A

Essential for synchronous development of each clone from original group of Ap cells

39
Q

What do Ap cells differentiate into?

A

Type B spermatogonia

40
Q

What are the most mature spermatogonia?

A

Type B spermatogonia

41
Q

Mitotic divisions of Type B spermatigonia form what?

A

Primary spermatocytes

42
Q

What do spermatocytes undergo?

A

Meiosis

43
Q

What phase are primary spermatocytes arrested in? For how long?

A

Prophase I

Up to 22 days

44
Q

What comes after primary spermatocytes? Slow or quick? What results?

A

Secondary spermatocytes
Quick
Spermatotids

45
Q

What are the four phases that make up the spermatid phase?

A

Golgi Phase
Cap Phase
Acrosome Phase
Maturation Phase

46
Q

During the golgi phase, what begins to accumulate, becoming bound to the nuclear envelope?

A

Proacrosomal granules

47
Q

During golgi phase, what migrates to the posterior pole? Forming what?

A

Centrioles

Axoneme - central core of flagellum

48
Q

What do the dynein arms use as an energy source?

A

ATP

49
Q

What happens during the cap phase?

A

Acrosomal vesicle spreads out, forming acrosomal cap

50
Q

What is the orientation of the spermatid during the acrosome phase?

A

Head stuck in sertoli cell

Developing flagellum pointing out/towards lumen

51
Q

What 6 changes happen in order during the acrosome phase?

A

Cell and nucleus elongate and nucleus flattens
Nucleus and cap migrate anteriorly
Manchette forms - from cytoplasmic microtules cylindrical
Neck region - connects nucleus to flagellum, centrioles form outer layer giving strength to flagellum
Mitochondria migrate posteriorly, forming middle piece of tail
Manchette disappears

52
Q

What happens to the spermatid during maturation phase?

A

Excessive cytoplasm removed as residual bodies

53
Q

What consumes residual bodies?

A

Sertoli cells

54
Q

During what stage are cytoplasmic bridges between spermatids broken?

A

Maturation phase

55
Q

What are the three parts of a mature sperm? What does each contain/do?

A

Head - contains acrosome and nucleus
Neck - connects head to tail
Tail - middle piece (mitochondria), principal piece, end piece (not covered with dense outer fibers)

56
Q

What temperature must testes be maintained for spermatogenesis to occur? How is this achieved?

A

35 degrees C
Achieved through pampinaform plexus around spermatic artery
Outside body wall

57
Q

What is cryptorchidism? What results?

A

Testes do not descend into scrotal sac

Inhibits spermatogenesis, leading to infertility if bilateral

58
Q

What carries sperm from seminiferous tubule to straight tubules?

A

Fluid from sertoli cells

59
Q

What are straight tubules lined with proximally? Distally?

A

Proximally - sertoli cells

Distally - cuboidal epithelium

60
Q

What forms the rete testis?

A

Anastomosing system of ducts lined with simple cuboidal empithelium

61
Q

What three things represent the excurrent genital ducts and play an important role in the maturation of sperm?

A

Ductuli efferentes
Ductus epididymidis
Ductus vas deferens

62
Q

What surface of the testis does the epididymis sit on?

A

Superior/posterior surface

63
Q

What are the three parts of the epididymis? What do each contain?

A

Head - efferent ductules and beginning of ductus epididymidis
Body and tail - ductus epididymidis

64
Q

What are highly coiled structures that connect the rete testis to the ductus epididymidis? What composes their epithelium that makes them unique?

A

Ductuli efferentes

Ciliated and non ciliated cells

65
Q

What happens to the spermatozoa as it passes though the ductus epididymidis?

A

Becomes more motile

66
Q

What lines the ductus epididymidis?

A

Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia

67
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

Modified microvilli found int he ductus epididymidis, designed to increase surface area of absorption and secrete maturation substances into lumen

68
Q

How does smooth muscle in the epididymidis change as you go from head to tail? Height of epithelium?

A

Increases - becomes three-layered distally

Height of epithelium decreases

69
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

70
Q

What differentiates the mucosa of the ductus deferens from the epididymis?

A

Ductus deferens has deep longitudinal folds (make lumen look like star)

71
Q

Describe the muscularis of the ductus deferens

A

Very thick

72
Q

What is contained with the adventitia of the ductus deferens?

A

Many nerves and blood vessels

73
Q

What does the ductus deferens form before entering the prostatic urethra? What is different from the rest of the ductus deferens? What joins it?

A

Ampula - muscular coat thinner

Ejaculatory ducts empty into it from seminal vesicle

74
Q

What are the three male accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

75
Q

What controls the secretory levels of the seminal vesicles?

A

Testosterone

76
Q

What are the 4 layers of the seminal vesicles?

A

Mucosa
Lamina Propria
Muscularis
Fibrous coat

77
Q

What serves as the energy source for sperm? Where is it secreted from?

A

Seminal vesicle mucosa

78
Q

What is the fibrous coat of the seminal vesicles analogous to?

A

Adventitia

79
Q

What is the largest male accessory sex gland?

A

Prostate

80
Q

What surrounds the prostate? Does it send projections into the prostate?

A

Fibrocollagenous Capsule

Yes

81
Q

What line the tubuloalveolar glands of the prostate?

A

Low columnar/cuboidal pseudostatified epithelium

82
Q

What are the two main zones of the prostate? What are the main prostatic glands contained?

A

Transitional zone - anterior and middle lobes - BPH

Peripheral sone - posterior and lateral lobes - cancer -main glands here

83
Q

What can be found in the lumina of the prostate gland, particularly as men age?

A

Corpora amylacea

84
Q

What is located within the prostate gland?

A

Prostatic urethra

85
Q

What is the purpose of prostatic secretions? (Acid phosphatase, citric acid, fibrinolysin, and others)

A

Liquefy semen

86
Q

What hormone controls secretions of the prostate?

A

Testosterone

87
Q

Where do bulbourethral glands open into? What do they secrete? What is it used for?

A

Bulb of spongy urethra
Mucus-secreting
Lubrication

88
Q

What three main structures compose the penis?

A

Two corpora cavernosa

One smaller corpus spongiosum

89
Q

What do the corpora cavernosa contain during erection?

A

Blood in vascular spaces

90
Q

What runs in the middle of the corpus spongiosum?

A

Spongy urethra

91
Q

What is the epithelium of the spongy urethral? Distally? What does it contain numerous of?

A

Pseudostratified columnar
Distally - non-keratinized stratified squamous.
Glands of Littre - mucus screting glands

92
Q

What do deep arteries form in erectile tissue?

A

Helicine arteries (helical at rest, straight during erection

Histology S3 (6 decks)

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