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Applied Physiology > Pulmonary Dynamics > Flashcards

Pulmonary Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing is essential to the

A

bioenergetic processes of life.

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2
Q

What are purposes of breathing?

A

1: Exchange of O2
2: Exchange of CO2
3: Control of Blood Acidity
4: Oral communication

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3
Q

Where is O2 and CO2 exchanged?

A

Alveoli between the atmph and blood.

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4
Q

Process of ventilation results in Higher PO2 in _____ compared to _____

A

lungs

metabolizing tissues.

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5
Q

What affects the amount of O2 and CO2 exchanged between body and atmosphere?

A

Speed and depth of breathing.

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6
Q

movement of air in and out of lungs?

A

Ventilation

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7
Q

Cellular utilization of O2

A

Respiration.

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8
Q

How are inspiration and expiration regulated?

A

Frequency and Volume.

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9
Q

VDS=

A

deadspace= 150 mL

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10
Q

VA=

A

alveolar ventilation=

(V1-VDS)xF

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11
Q

VT=

A

Tidal volume=

VA+VDS
or
VE/F

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12
Q

VE=

A

Minute Ventilation=

VTxBF

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13
Q

It is more efficient to Breathe

A

Deep and less often.

increases VT and decrease F

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14
Q

What consumes O2 for work of breathing? what does this result in?

A

Respiratory muscles.

less O2 for exercising muscles.

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15
Q

Rate and depth of breathing are adjusted in response to

A

Body’s metabolic needs.

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16
Q

What is regulated at resting values regardless of exercise intensity?

A

PaO2
PaCO2
pH

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17
Q

Results from inherent and automatic activity of inspiratory neurons?

Where are the cell bodies of these neurons?

A

Respiratory cycle.

in the medulla.

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18
Q

Inhalation is a ____ process

Expiration is a ___ process.

A

Active

Passive (recoil)

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19
Q

Specialized neurons that monitor blood conditions and provide feeback?

A

Chemoreceptors

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20
Q

Regulated by the chemical state of blood at rest?

A

Pulm ventilation.

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21
Q

Reduced O2 pressures stimulate ___ ? for what?

A

aortic and carotid chemoreceptors to increase ventilation.

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22
Q

What is the only protection against decrease in PaO2

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors.

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23
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate ventilation in response to

A 
Decreased PaO2
Increase PaCO2
Temo
Metabolic acidosis
Decrease in BP
Change in H+
exercise.
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24
Q

At rest for healthy ppl, most important stimulus is

why?

A

CO2 pressures.

increase in PaCO2 cause large increase in VE

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25
Q

Central chemoreceptors location and what they respond to

A

medulla

PaCO2 and H+

26
Q

What are phases of Control during exercise?

A

Rapid Rise
Rise to steady state
Steady State
Recovery.

27
Q

What happens in phase 1 of control during exercise?

A

neurogenic stimuli from cortex combine with feedback from active limbs stimulate medulla to increase ventilation. ^VE

28
Q

What happens in phase 2 of control during exercise?

What is it regulated by?

A

ventilation rises to steady state.

regulated by cortex and intrinsic neurons on respiratory control center.

29
Q

What happens in phase 3 of control during exercise?

A

fine tuning of steady state through peripheral chemoreceptors and cortex.

VE matches CO2 production.

30
Q

What happens in recovery phase of control during exercise?

A

initial rapid decrease because of removing cortex and movement.

slows due to removal of short term potentiation of respiratory center.

31
Q

What effects VE, VO2 and VCO2 more than any other form of physiologic Stress

A

Physical activity.

32
Q

increases to maintain the proper gas concentrations for rapid gas exchange.

A

alveolar ventilation.

33
Q

in light/mod exercise. ventilation is increased through increasing ____

what takes on important role at higher level?

ventilation increases ____

A

VT

Breathing frequency.

linearly with VO2

34
Q

Ventilation averages ____ of air for each _____ of oxygen consumed.

A

20-25 L

1 Liter

35
Q

Ratio of VE to VO2?

equation

A

Ventilatory equivalent

VE/VO2

25:1 at submit exercise.

36
Q

In steady state, VO2 and VE ___

A

plateu

37
Q

at more intense exercise: ventilation increases__

VE/VO2=

A

disproportionately with VO2

35:1

38
Q

Exercise level that LA begins to show a systemic increase above resting baseline levels?

A

Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

4.0mM

39
Q

at submax levels O2 delivery to muscles can no longer support requirement of oxidation thus more E is derived from

A

glycolysis.

40
Q

OBLA in trained vs untrained.

A

70% VO2 max

55-65% VO2 max.

41
Q

almost all of the LA generated during anaerobic metabolism is buffered in the blood by____

what are byproducts.

A

NaHCO2 and byproducts are: Sodium lactate/H2O/CO2

Co2 gets exhaled.

42
Q

OBLA relates to the onset of

A

anaerobiosis and accumulation of LA

43
Q

What is mechanism for rise of VE in submac exercise/ non-steady state?

A

Breathing frequency.

44
Q

point where VE and VCO increases disproportionately to V02 during graded exercise. Also known as the

A

Ventilatory threshold

Anaerobic threshold.

45
Q

describes the highest V02 or exercise intensity before a 1.0mM increase in blood lactate concentration above the pre-exercise level.

A

lactate threshold.

46
Q

More muscle mass that is used, OBLA will occur at a

A

higher VO2

47
Q

Influence and predict endurance performance

A

VO2max and OBLA

48
Q

Training can be improved to point of

A

OBLA w/o increase to VO2.

49
Q

Factors of OBLA

A

Muscle fiber type
Capillary Density
Mitochondria Size + #
alteration of muscle’s enzyme and oxidative capabilities.

50
Q

Factors of VO2 max

A

absolute quantity of muscle mass activated

Functional capacity of Cardiovascular system

51
Q

The exercise intensity at the point of OBLA is a consistent and powerful predictor of

A

performance in aerobic exercise.

changes in training related to bola not VO2

52
Q

Less adaptation in pulmonary structure and function occurs in aerobic training than

A

Cardiovascular and neuromuscular function.

53
Q

Ve max increases with

A

increase in VO2 max

54
Q

At submax
Ventilatory equivalent___
VT becomes ______
and Breathing Frequency is ____

A

decreases

larger

reduced.

55
Q

Who is ventilation a factor in limiting aerobic capacity for?

A

elite athlete.

56
Q

Greater capacity to increase ventilation during aerobic exercise than

A

Q (6fold)
VO2 (20 fold)

ventilation is (35 fold)

57
Q

VE max in healthy individuals during max aerobic exercise?

A

60-85% of Max voluntary ventilation. MVV

58
Q

health individuals have MVV reserve of

A

20-40%

59
Q

n COPD, the added expiratory resistance ____ normal cost of breathing at rest and severely limits

A

triples.

the exercise capacity of individuals.

60
Q

In severe COPD the energy cost of breathing attains of the total exercise V02.

A

40%

61
Q

Exercise training produces only small improvements in PFT but increases

A

exercise capacity
reduces dyspnea
improve respiratory and peripheral muscle function
enhance psychologic state.

62
Q

Cigarette smoking the exercise HR response

why?

A

BLUNTS

due to altered sensitivity in ANS control.

Applied Physiology (11 decks)

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