Energy Transfer

Question 1

The body cannot use ___ for energy.

what is it supplied with instead and for what?

Answer 1

heat

chemical energy to perform complex functions

Question 2

how is energy transferred in humans?

Answer 2

via chemical bonds

Question 3

What happens in krebs cycle?

Answer 3

chemical E from carbs, fats and proteins are extracted

Question 4

What is the purpose of breaking down food nutrients or oxidation of macros?

Answer 4

to phosphorylate ADP-ATP. (energy is generated)

Question 5

What harvests the potential energy from ATP?

Answer 5

cellular respiration

Question 6

How much of energy from food is transferred to ATP?

Answer 6

40%

Question 7

What are the three forms of energy transfer in humans?

Answer 7

chemical
mechanical
transport

(Biological Work)

Question 8

Process of one or more phosphate groups added to organic molecule

example?

Answer 8

phosphorylation.

in aerobic

Question 9

What are Co-enzymes and what do they activate

Answer 9

non-protein organic substance.

dormant enzymes (example is vitamin)

Question 10

located in contractile mechanism of muscle?

Answer 10

myofibril

Question 11

hydrolysis of ATP liberates

Answer 11

7.3Kcal of E per mole of ATP

Question 12

how does ATP generate immediate E use?

Answer 12

splitting of ATP occurs w/ or w/o O2 and only requires one chemical reaction

Question 13

stored ATP reserve allows for

Answer 13

all out exercise effort for 10 seconds

Question 14

how much ATP is stored? how much do we need?

Answer 14

3.5 oz

171 lbs

Question 15

what are major sources of energy for ATP?

Answer 15

carbs and fats

Question 16

muscle cell’s concentration of creatine phosphate compared to ATP

Answer 16

4-6x greater

Question 17

Supplies energy for ATP resynthesis in muscle cells without O2 by reacting with ADP?

Answer 17

creatine phosphate

Question 18

When is energy transfer from CP crucial?

Answer 18

during transition from low-high E demand

Question 19

ATP synthesis that occurs in cytoplasm?

how many molecules of ATP does it form?

Answer 19

Substrate phosphorylation

anaerobic glycolysis

2

Question 20

why is energy for muscle action provided through glycolysis?

Answer 20

high concentration of glycolitic enzymes and speed of reaction make it rapid.

Question 21

most of energy generated in glycolysis dissipated as

Answer 21

heat.

Question 22

formed when 2 hydrogens from NADH combine temporarily with pyruvate?

Answer 22

Lactic acid (LA)

Question 23

What does production of lactic do?

Answer 23

frees up NAD to accept additional hydrogens generated in glycolysis

Question 24

why does LA cause burning?

Answer 24

NADH exceeds cell’s capacity to shuttle H+ atom during exercise because hydrogens striped faster than their oxidation in respiratory chain.

Question 25

occurs in mitochondria and yields 2 ATP

Answer 25

Krebs cycle

Question 26

Main function of Krebs cycle?

Answer 26

to degrade acetyl-CoA to CO2 and Hydrogen atoms.

Question 27

what happens to H+ atoms in krebs cycle?

Answer 27

oxidized in electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

Question 28

what are the three components of aerobic metabolism

Answer 28

citric acid cycle Electron transport chain/respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation

Question 29

Reactions that involve transfer of O2,hydrogen or electrons from NADH and FADH2

Answer 29

Cellular oxidation in mitochondria

Question 30

What happens during energy metabolism in cellular oxidation?

Answer 30

1: H+ stripped from macro 2: carrier molecules remove electrons from H+ and pass to O2 3: O2 accepts hydrogen to form H20

Question 31

what are the 2 processes involved in cellular oxidation? how many ATPs does it yield?

Answer 31

electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation 32.

Question 32

Involves removal of electrons from Hydrogen and delivery to O2

Answer 32

electron transport

Question 33

What happens after the electrons of hydrogen are split?

Answer 33

NAD picks up electrons to form NADH and FAD picks up the 2 H+ to form FADH2. those are tranferred to coenzyme Q then to cytochromes-> O2 to reduce it to water.

Question 34

iron-protein electron carriers

Answer 34

cytochromes

Question 35

What happens to FAD and NAD after electrons are finally translated to reduce O2?

Answer 35

recycled

Question 36

when is Oxidation complete?

Answer 36

when 2 electrons and 2 H+ join O2 to form water

Question 37

ATP synthesized during transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular O2

Answer 37

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 38

Electron transport causes a proton gradient across the inner mitochondria membrane. what does this lead to?

Answer 38

net flow of protons that provides coupling mechanism for ATP synthesis

Question 39

What is the role of O2 in energy metabolism?

Answer 39

serve as a major oxidizing agent in tissues and ensure E transfer reactions proceed at appropriate rate.

Question 40

what are the prerequisites for continual resynthesis of ATP?

Answer 40

1) donor of electrons from NADH and FADH2 2) Adequate O2 present as final electron and hydrogen acceptor 3) enzymes and metabolic machinery to drive it.

Question 41

what 2 things are often inadequate during strenuous exercise? what does this do?

Answer 41

O2 delivery and utilization creates imbalance between release of Hydrogen and acceptance by O2.

Question 42

If there is imbalance between release of hydrogen and O2 acceptance, what happens?

Answer 42

H stays on NAD and pyruvate accepts excess hydrogen to form Lactic Acid

Question 43

Transport of electrons from hydrogen to O2 by specific intermediate carrier molecules?

Answer 43

Respiratory chain.

Question 44

What are the energy compounds?

Answer 44

ATP and CP

Question 45

Types of ATP Synthesis?

Answer 45

Substrate phosphorylation Krebs Cycle Cellular Oxidation