Energy Transfer Flashcards
The body cannot use ___ for energy.
what is it supplied with instead and for what?
heat
chemical energy to perform complex functions
how is energy transferred in humans?
via chemical bonds
What happens in krebs cycle?
chemical E from carbs, fats and proteins are extracted
What is the purpose of breaking down food nutrients or oxidation of macros?
to phosphorylate ADP-ATP. (energy is generated)
What harvests the potential energy from ATP?
cellular respiration
How much of energy from food is transferred to ATP?
40%
What are the three forms of energy transfer in humans?
chemical
mechanical
transport
(Biological Work)
Process of one or more phosphate groups added to organic molecule
example?
phosphorylation.
in aerobic
What are Co-enzymes and what do they activate
non-protein organic substance.
dormant enzymes (example is vitamin)
located in contractile mechanism of muscle?
myofibril
hydrolysis of ATP liberates
7.3Kcal of E per mole of ATP
how does ATP generate immediate E use?
splitting of ATP occurs w/ or w/o O2 and only requires one chemical reaction
stored ATP reserve allows for
all out exercise effort for 10 seconds
how much ATP is stored? how much do we need?
3.5 oz
171 lbs
what are major sources of energy for ATP?
carbs and fats
muscle cell’s concentration of creatine phosphate compared to ATP
4-6x greater
Supplies energy for ATP resynthesis in muscle cells without O2 by reacting with ADP?
creatine phosphate
When is energy transfer from CP crucial?
during transition from low-high E demand
ATP synthesis that occurs in cytoplasm?
how many molecules of ATP does it form?
Substrate phosphorylation
anaerobic glycolysis
2
why is energy for muscle action provided through glycolysis?
high concentration of glycolitic enzymes and speed of reaction make it rapid.
most of energy generated in glycolysis dissipated as
heat.
formed when 2 hydrogens from NADH combine temporarily with pyruvate?
Lactic acid (LA)
What does production of lactic do?
frees up NAD to accept additional hydrogens generated in glycolysis
why does LA cause burning?
NADH exceeds cell’s capacity to shuttle H+ atom during exercise because hydrogens striped faster than their oxidation in respiratory chain.
occurs in mitochondria and yields 2 ATP
Krebs cycle
Main function of Krebs cycle?
to degrade acetyl-CoA to CO2 and Hydrogen atoms.
what happens to H+ atoms in krebs cycle?
oxidized in electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation
what are the three components of aerobic metabolism
citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain/respiratory chain
oxidative phosphorylation
Reactions that involve transfer of O2,hydrogen or electrons from NADH and FADH2
Cellular oxidation
in mitochondria
What happens during energy metabolism in cellular oxidation?
1: H+ stripped from macro
2: carrier molecules remove electrons from H+ and pass to O2
3: O2 accepts hydrogen to form H20
what are the 2 processes involved in cellular oxidation?
how many ATPs does it yield?
electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
32.
Involves removal of electrons from Hydrogen and delivery to O2
electron transport
What happens after the electrons of hydrogen are split?
NAD picks up electrons to form NADH and FAD picks up the 2 H+ to form FADH2.
those are tranferred to coenzyme Q then to cytochromes-> O2 to reduce it to water.
iron-protein electron carriers
cytochromes
What happens to FAD and NAD after electrons are finally translated to reduce O2?
recycled
when is Oxidation complete?
when 2 electrons and 2 H+ join O2 to form water
ATP synthesized during transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular O2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron transport causes a proton gradient across the inner mitochondria membrane. what does this lead to?
net flow of protons that provides coupling mechanism for ATP synthesis
What is the role of O2 in energy metabolism?
serve as a major oxidizing agent in tissues and ensure E transfer reactions proceed at appropriate rate.
what are the prerequisites for continual resynthesis of ATP?
1) donor of electrons from NADH and FADH2
2) Adequate O2 present as final electron and hydrogen acceptor
3) enzymes and metabolic machinery to drive it.
what 2 things are often inadequate during strenuous exercise?
what does this do?
O2 delivery and utilization
creates imbalance between release of Hydrogen and acceptance by O2.
If there is imbalance between release of hydrogen and O2 acceptance, what happens?
H stays on NAD and pyruvate accepts excess hydrogen to form Lactic Acid
Transport of electrons from hydrogen to O2 by specific intermediate carrier molecules?
Respiratory chain.
What are the energy compounds?
ATP and CP
Types of ATP Synthesis?
Substrate phosphorylation
Krebs Cycle
Cellular Oxidation
