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Applied Physiology > Energy Transfer part 2 > Flashcards

Energy Transfer part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 energy systems that act as a continuum?

A 
Short term(ATP-PCr)
long term (Aerobic Glycolysis)
intermediate (Anaerobic Glycolysis)
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2
Q

How is energy provided in the short term energy system?

A

from high E phosphates from ATP and CP

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3
Q

ATP and CP are stored in

A

contractile mechanisms of muscle (myofibril)

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4
Q

Short term energy system allows for

A

all out work for 10 seconds (anaerobic)

High power/ low capacity

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5
Q

How is short term energy altered?

A

with training. increase mass = increased storage capacity

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6
Q

Energy system for work lasting 30-180 seconds?/

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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7
Q

The lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis) provides energy for

A

muscle endurance and high intensity work/

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8
Q

What happens in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

glucose broken down. LA is end product causing burn due to decrease in pH of muscle.

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9
Q

in anaerobic glycolysis, where does the E to phosphorylate ADP come from?

A

blood glucose and stored glycogen.

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10
Q

Why can’t the body function on the lactic acid system for long?

A

enzymes and contractile mechanisms of muscle do not function with increased acidity.

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11
Q

Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur and whats sequence?

A

cytoplasm

Glycogen->glucose->LA= 2 ATP

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12
Q

sequence for aerobic system? when is it used?

A

Glycogen->glucose->pyruvate->Acetyl-CoA->Krebs cycle->ETS-H20 and CO2= 36 ATP

exercise over 3 mins

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13
Q

What must be present for the Krebs cycle?

A

O2

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14
Q

Steady state reflects balance between

A

E required and ATP production via aerobic metabolism.

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15
Q

What are the stages of fuel utilization?

A

1) Digestion/absorbtion
2) Degrading of subunits into acetyl CoA
3) Oxidation of Acetyl CoA -> CO2 and H2O with ATP production

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16
Q

Where does degrading stage occur?

Oxidation stage?

A

cytosol

Mitochondria

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17
Q

What are the subunits broken down in fuel utilization?

A

aa, glucose, FFA , glycerol units.

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18
Q

What are the 3 substrates?

A

Carbs
Fats
Protein

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19
Q

What substrates primary function is to supply E for cellular work?

what can It’s stored energy be used to generate?

A

Carbs

ATP anaerobically

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20
Q

What is required so that fat can be processed through the metabolic mill?

A

a continual breakdown of Carbs

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21
Q

What will glucose be broken down into?

what happens if there is O2 present? and if not?

A

Pyruvic Acid

Converted to Acetyl CoA and enters Krebs Cycle

LA forms

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22
Q

Rate of energy released in glycolysis is ____ than rate of E released from lipid breakdown.

A

3x faster.

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23
Q

How much fat is stored compared to carbs?

A

60-100,000 KCals in adipose tissue Vs. 2000KCals of Carbs

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24
Q

What is the storage form of Fat?

and what are they broken down into?

A

triglycerides.

glycerol and 3 Free Fatty Acids

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25
Q

Where are FFAs delivered to?

what happens if they are not used?

A

active tissues where they are mobilized.

converted to LDL by the liver.

26
Q

How is mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue augmented?

A

E and NE, glucagon, and growth hormone.

27
Q

How much ATP does the breakdown of FFA through beta oxidation and Krebs cycle yield?

A

441

28
Q

Breakdown of glycerol through glycolysis and Krebs cycle yields

A

19 ATP

29
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body?

A

Fat.

30
Q

What is secreted to decrease appetite

A

Leptin and Estrogens

31
Q

Can serve important role as E substrate during sustained exercise

A

Protein.

32
Q

How does protein provide energy?

A

amino acids converted to form then enter metabolic pathways.

33
Q

In proteins, what must be removed and where does it occur?

A

nitrogen

deamination accuse in the liver.

34
Q

Where does transamination occur?

A

skeletal muscle.

35
Q

What happens to the nitrogen containing amino group?

A

must be excreted from the body dissolved in fluids.

36
Q

Protein RDA for adults

athletes?

A

.83 g/kg of body mass

1.2-1.8 g/ kg of body mass.

37
Q

What provides the means by which organic compounds formed from the breakdown of fats and proteins are metabolized for energy?

A

Krebs cycle.

38
Q

Krebs cycle is the vital link between

A

Food E and chemical energy of ATP

39
Q

Breakdown of FFA depends on

A

continual background level of glucose catabolism and O2

40
Q

Degradation of FFA via the Krebs cycle continues only if

A

sufficient oxaloacetic acid is available to combine with Acetyl CoA formed during beta oxidation.

41
Q

What cannot enter Krebs cycle during CHO depletion or restriction?

what results?

A

Acetyl CoA from beta oxidation and FFA from adipose tissue.

increase in the extracellular fluids and are converted to ketone bodies by the liver.

42
Q

What does fuel utilization during exercise depend on?

A

intensity
Duration
Fitness
and Nutritional level.

43
Q

What is prime contributor of energy during first few minutes of exercise?

why?

A

stored muscle Glycogen

because of ability to generate E without O2 presence.

44
Q

What can 2 hour bout of exercise do?

A

deplete glycogen in the liver and exercising muscle.

45
Q

What becomes source of energy as glycogen stores decrease during exercise progression?

A

blood borne glucose becomes major source of CHO and utilization of fat occurs

46
Q

at about 2 hours of exercise, how much VO2 max is sustained and why?

A

50 %

slow rate of aerobic E release from fat metabolism.

47
Q

Why are FFA released from adipose tissue?

A

due to hormonal stimulation of SNS and decreased insulin levels.

48
Q

When does protein breakdown occur?

A

when CHO stores are low.

49
Q 
Fuel source during
<30% VO2 max?
40-60?
75?
>80?
A

<30=muscle fat
40-60= Fat and CHO evenly
75%=mostly carbs
>80%=100% carbs.

50
Q

upper limits of exercise intensity depends on

A

rate that cells extract, conserve and transfer chemical energy of food to myofibrils.

51
Q

what alters rate of E release during chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes and co-enzymes.

52
Q

Difference between total O2 consumed during exercise and total that would have been consumed had a steady state of aerobic metabolism be reached immediately from start?

A

O2 deficit

53
Q

Energy supplied from O2 deficit is from what?

A

anaerobic systems (STP/CP/anaerobic glycolysis(LA system))

54
Q

Who has less O2 deficit? why?

A

train person. they reach steady state more rapidly.

55
Q

the time it takes the body to get adjusted to exercise?

A

circulatory lag.

56
Q

What is reasoning of circulatory lag?

A

it is time of production of oxidizable substrate (H+) in which O2 combines.

57
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess post exercise O2 consumption

AKA O2 Debt.

58
Q

Vo2 in recovery- VO2 theoretically consumed at rest=

A

O2 uptake in recovery.

59
Q

Reflects the anaerobic metabolism of exercise and the respiratory-circulatory-hormonal-ionic-thermal adjustments of recovery

A

O2 Debt/ EPOC

60
Q

In submit exercise, recovery is______ and can last ____

A

rapid

2-3 mins

61
Q

In stressful exercise, what happens to recovery?

A

body requires more time to return to rest

can last hours

62
Q

What is responsible for increasing metabolic rate after exercise?

A

recover.

Applied Physiology (11 decks)

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