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Clin Pathology > pulmonary Disease > Flashcards

pulmonary Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main physiologic role of the lungs

A

to make oxygen available to tissues and to remove the main byproduct of metabolism (CO2)

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2
Q

what is the main byproduct of metabolism

A

Co2

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3
Q

at rest, expiration is a ____ process, while insipiration is a ____ process

A

passive; active

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4
Q

What are the lungs contained by?

A

chest wall and diaphragm

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5
Q

What is each lobe demarcated by? (layer)

A

visceral pleura

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6
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure during inspiration?

A

negative

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7
Q

How does connective tissue and surfactant maintain anatomic integrity of the lungs?

A

connective tissue: allows lungs to support itself and retain airway patency
surfactant: reduces surface tension, allowing expansion of the alveoli

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8
Q

What were to happen if there was no surfactant?

A

the lungs would collapse

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9
Q

what is surfactant?

A

agent that decreases surface tension at alveoli; prevents lung collapse

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10
Q

What structures make up the connective tissue of the lungs and what is its function?

A

collagen and elastic structures, allows lungs to support itself and retain airway expansion

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11
Q

our proximal conducting airways are _____ pseudostratified columnar epithelial

A

ciliated

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12
Q

what is the use of cilia in conducting airways

A

they work up to the pharynx to get foreign bodies OUT

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13
Q

as airways further branch, smooth muscle and secretory glands are _____

A

reduced

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14
Q

what are the smallest conducting, NON respiratory airways?

A

think about it,
its before they get to alveoli (where gas is exchanged)

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15
Q

what type of epithelium are the bronchioles made out of?

A

cuboidal; may be ciliated

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16
Q

what are the final physiologic and anatomic unit of the lunG?

A

terminal respiratory units (alveoli/ducts)

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17
Q

what do the walls of thin alveolar epithelial cells provide?

A

gas exchange

18
Q

what mediates bronchoconstriction
pulmonary vasoDILATION, and
mucous gland secretion?

A

rest and digest, not thinking about breathing

19
Q

what mediates bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, pulmonary vasoconstriction, and inhibition of secretory gland activity?

A

fight or flight moment
relaxed bc want airway wide open!! inhibition bc dont want mucus producing/in the way when running away!

20
Q

NANC (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic) system (ATP, NO, and peptide neurotransmitters) leads to what?

A

inhibitory events including bronchodilation

21
Q

what does NANC system include

A

ATP, NO, and peptide neurotransmitters

22
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent– “receptors” going to the brain

efferent–“fibers” coming from brain to muscles

23
Q

what do the bronchopulmonary stretch receptors in the afferent system do?

A

lung inflation results in bronchodilation and inc HR

ex: when exercising –> inc in breathing due to the need of more O2,

24
Q

what do the irritant receptors signal in afferent system?

A

dont want particles going down trachea so receptors help to cough it out

25
Q

what do the C fibers from the Juxtacapillary (J) receptors do in afferent system?

A

respond to mechanical and chemical stumil
- rapid shallow breathing, mucus secretion, cough, and heart rate slowing with inspiration
—-
HOT sauce example.

26
Q

what is ventilation

A 
the moving of air into the lungs for gas exchange within the alveoli
----
breathing in (the mechanical process)
27
Q

the ability to relate to changes in volume to changes in pressure is known as

A

compliance

28
Q

how do the lungs have the ability to recoil

A

through the shape and structure of the thoracic cage

29
Q

what is a common pulmonary function test

A

spirometry

30
Q

what does spirometry measure

A

measurement of air flow rates

calculation of lung volumes and capacities

31
Q

can a spirometry test be done at rest or while exercising

A

either or

32
Q

what do pulmonary function tests identify

A

abnormalities in respiratory function and determine their extent

33
Q

define tidal volume

A

inhaled AND exhaled with each breath

34
Q

inspiratory reserve volume define

A

maximum amount of air inhaled above normal tidal volume

35
Q

expiratory reserve volume define

A

maximum amount of air exhaled below normal tidal volume

36
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air in lungs after maximal exhalation

37
Q

vital capacity

A

IRV + TV + ERV

38
Q

total lung capacity

A

VC + RV (IRV+TV+ERV+RV)

39
Q

Forced Vital Capacity

A

maneuver begins with an inhalation from FRC to TLC (lasting about 1 second) followed by a forceful exhalation from TLC to RV (lasting about 5 secs)

40
Q

lung volumes vs lung capacities

A

lung volumes are absolute

lung capacities are two or more lung volumes

Clin Pathology (8 decks)

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