Pulmonary and systemic circuit

Question 1

What is the movement of gases between environment and body cells?

Answer 1

external respiration

Question 2

what is the intracellular reaction of oxygen with molecules to produce CO2?

Answer 2

cellular respiration

Question 3

what are the processes of respiration? (3)

Answer 3

1. Ventilation - exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs
2. exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
3. exchange of gases between blood and cells

Question 4

what is the pleural membrane?

Answer 4

protects the lungs - attached to ribcage

Question 5

describe inspiration (2)

Answer 5

1. diaphragm contracts
2. thoracic volume increases

Question 6

describe exhalation (2)

Answer 6

1. diaphragm relaxes
2. thoracic volume decreases

Question 7

What is ventilation?

Answer 7

bulk flow exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli

Question 8

what does a single respiratory cycle consist of?

Answer 8

inspiration followed by expiration

Question 9

Boyle’ law equation?

Answer 9

P1V1=P2V2
- decreasing volume increases collisions and pressure and vice versa

Question 10

Volume that moves during simple inspiration/expiration

Answer 10

tidal volume (Vt)

Question 11

air forcefully exhaled after ed of normal expiration

Answer 11

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 12

additional volume above tidal volume

Answer 12

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 13

volume of air in respiratory system after maximal exhalation

Answer 13

residual volume (RV)

Question 14

Vital capacity equation

Answer 14

VC = IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) + Vt (tidal volume) + ERV (expiratory reserve volume)

Question 15

total lung capacity equation

Answer 15

VC = IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) + Vt (tidal volume) + ERV (expiratory reserve volume) + RV (risidual volume)

Question 16

what is the type 1 alveolar cell responsible for?

Answer 16

gas exchange

Question 17

what is the type 2 alveolar cell responsible for?

Answer 17

Surfactant cells - responsible for synthesising surfactant

Question 18

what is the function of the alveolar macrophage?

Answer 18

ingests foreign material

Question 19

what are the different alveolar cell types? (4)

Answer 19

1. type one alveolar cells
2. type 2 alveolar cells (surfactant cells)
3. endothelial capillary cells
4. alveolar macrophage

Question 20

law of LaPlace equation

Answer 20

P = 2T/r
pressure = (2 x surface tension) / radius

Question 21

how would you explain why smaller alveoli are in danger of being collapsed?

Answer 21

law of LaPlace
P=2T/r

Question 22

How to smaller alveoli combat risk of collapsing?

Answer 22

produce more surfactant

Question 23

what is the function of surfactant?

Answer 23

• surface-active agent
• reduces surface tension of liquid

Question 24

what is surfactant made up of? (3)

Answer 24

1. specific lipids
2. proteins
3. carbohydrates

Question 25

what is the structure of a red blood cell?

Answer 25

biconcave disc
(elastic + flexible)

Question 26

what is the structure of a haemoglobin?

Answer 26

tetrameric protein

Question 27

what does the haeme group contain?

Answer 27

Fe2+ ion

Question 28

how many O2 can one haeme roup bind to?

Answer 28

one O2 molecule

Question 29

how many haeme groups are in each haemoglobin?

Answer 29

4

Question 30

What is the function of haemoglobin? (2)

Answer 30

• reversibly binds to O2
• allows unloading of O2 in organs

Question 31

What are the conditions Hb binding to O2 is dependant on? (4)

Answer 31

1. pH
2. temp
3. CO2 conc
4. 2, 3-BPG - (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate)