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Physiology and Disease > 8 - Digestive system > Flashcards

8 - Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrate monomers (2)

A
  1. glucose
  2. fructose
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2
Q

protein monomers

A

amino acids

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3
Q

neutral fat monomers (2)

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. glycerol
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4
Q

what are carbs, proteins and fats carried in?

A

blood plasma

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5
Q

what break down proteins?

A

digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)

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6
Q

how can amino acids be used to generate ATP?

A

some types of amino acids can enter TCA cycle (Krebs cycle) after small modifications and be used as fuel to generate ATP

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7
Q

role of large intestine (2)

A
  1. absorption of water molecules and ions
  2. formation/storage of faeces
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7
Q

role of small intestine (2)

A
  1. duodenum receives chyme from stomach and mixes it with pancreatic enzymes
  2. absorption of nutrients (glucose/amino acids)
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8
Q

what are the veins of the small/large intestine enriched with respectively?

A
  1. Small intestine - glucose and amino acids
  2. Large intestine - ions
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9
Q

role of liver in absorption of nutrients from small intestine (4)

A
  1. nutrients absorbed by walls of s.intestine, pass through liver
  2. liver filters, can remove potentially harmful elements before systemic circulation
  3. hepatocytes (liver cells) store excess nutrients
  4. blood returning to right atrium/ventricle via inferior vena cava enriched in glucose and amino acids
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10
Q

Hepatic portal system (liver 3-way blood flow) (3)

A
  1. oxygenated arterial blood (hepatic artery)
  2. venous blood carrying deoxygenated blood (hepatic vein)
  3. nutrient rich blood from hepatic portal vein (hepatic portal vein)
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11
Q

how are fatty acids transported?

A

lymphatic system via lacteal (specialised lymphatic capillary)

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12
Q

5 purposes of digestion (5)

A
  1. ingestion/breakdown of food (mechanically/chemically)
  2. secretion of enzymes into alimentary canal
  3. digestion of chyme by enzymes that break polymers (carbohydrates, protein and fats) down to respective monomers
  4. absorption of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids from lumen of s.intestine via epithelial cells -> CVS
    - absorption of ions and H2O molecules from l.intestines -> CVS
  5. remaining faeces excreted
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13
Q

role of upper and lower oesophageal sphincters (2)

A
  1. if not relaxed properly food fails to enter stomach as it should and causes obstruction
  2. incompetence lower oesophageal sphincter - gastric juices move back up into oesophagus and cause erosion of mucosa
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14
Q

4 major parts of stomach (4)

A
  1. fundus - capable of receptive relaxation
  2. body - 3 layers of muscles, initiate mixing waves
  3. antrum - strong contractions, thorough mixing of chyme
  4. pyloric sphincter (pylorus) - usually tightly shut
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15
Q

migrating motor complex (MMC)

A

sequence of contractions begin the emptying of stomach and end in large intestines (one cycle approx 90min)

16
Q

2 components of basic gut movement (2)

A
  1. segmentation
  2. peristalsis
17
Q

segmentation

A

closely spaced contractions of smooth muscle circular movement followed by relaxation

18
Q

peristalsis

A

triggered by distension of gut by food. longitudinal smooth muscle contracts first, followed halfway through contraction by circular muscle, longitudinal relaxes during latter half of circular contraction (leads to progressive wave)

19
Q

where does segmentation occur and what is its purpose? (2)

A
  1. mainly in small intestine
  2. mixes food with enzymes
20
Q

motility in large intestine (6)

A
  1. when receiving chyme, receptive relaxation of caecum (pouch at beginning of l.intestine) occurs, smooth muscle cells of ascending colon (first section of l.intestine) elongate lengthways, letting chyme in
  2. ascending/descending colons make peristaltic movements
  3. in ascending colon, chyme makes natural pouch-like shape due to revers peristalsis
  4. transverse (middle section of l.intestine) makes short wave peristalsis, propels material slowly
  5. descending colon (end of l.intestine) can make extended peristaltic contraction, results in mass movement of faeces
  6. when mass movement empties faecal material into rectum, induces sensation to defecate
21
Q

3 sections of small intestine (3)

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
22
Q

5 sections of large intestine (5)

A
  1. caecum
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. rectum
23
Q

describe the motion of the stomach and small intestine and the movement of chyme (4)

A
  1. ingested food mixed with water, stomach acid and digestive enzymes, becomes chyme in stomach
  2. stomach antrum (lower portion of stomach near outlet) and pyloric sphincter (ring of smooth muscle - valve between stomach and s.intestine) function in coordinated manner and control exit of chyme from stomach
  3. chyme enters duodenum and progresses to jejunum and ileum by 2 distinct motions - segmentation and peristatic contractions
  4. chyme leaves s.intestine and enters caecum (connects s.intestine to l.intestine) via ileo-caecal sphincter
24
Q

describe the generalised structure of the gastrointestinal tract wall (4)

A
  1. inner layer - epithelial layer and mucosa (mucous membrane)
  2. middle layers - smooth muscle layers (circular/longitudinal)
  3. nervous tissue - enteric nervous system (neuron network in gastrointestinal tract)
  4. immune system cells on patrol
25
Q

digestive system auxiliary organs and secretory tissue (5)

A
  1. mouth
  2. stomach
  3. pancreas
  4. liver
  5. gall bladder
26
Q

exocrine cells (2)

A
  1. all glands are exocrine cells
  2. produce secretions
27
Q

examples of secretions of exocrine cells (4)

A
  1. bicarbonate ion
  2. water
  3. mucus
  4. digestive enzymes
28
Q

mouth salivary glands (exocrine cells) (3)

A
  1. serous acini
  2. mucus acini
  3. duct cells
29
Q

pancreas secretions

A

enzymes

30
Q

pancreas exocrine cells

A

acinar cells - secrete digestive enzymes (channeled via exocrine duct leading to digestive tract)

31
Q

pancreas endocrine cells

A

langerhans islet cells - secrete hormones that enter the blood

32
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile acids secreted from liver

Physiology and Disease (13 decks)

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