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Physiology and Disease > 9 - digestive system II > Flashcards

9 - digestive system II Flashcards

1
Q

what is involved protein digestion? (3)

A
  1. stomach acid
  2. proteinases
  3. peptidases
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2
Q

what is involved in starch/carbohydrate digestion? (1)

A

amylase

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3
Q

what is involved in neutral fat digestion (2)

A
  1. lipases
  2. bile salts
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4
Q

salivary gland secretions (3)

A
  1. serous acini - enzymes (amylase, lipase)
  2. mucous acini - mucus
  3. duct cells - water and HCO3-
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5
Q

secretions from the stomach (2)

A
  1. stomach acid (HCL)
  2. proteases
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6
Q

what produce stomach acid?

A

parietal cells

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7
Q

properties of stomach acid (HCL) (2)

A
  1. very acidic and can denature proteins
  2. kills bacteria that may be attached to food
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8
Q

How is HCL (stomach acid) generated in the stomach (4)

A
  1. protons transported into gastric gland by K+/H+ ATPase transporter
  2. Cl- ions transported by HCO3-/Cl- exchange transporter
  3. CL- moves from inside parietal cell to lumen of stomach by anion leak channel following chemical gradient
  4. H+ and Cl- combine in lumen of stomach to generate HCL
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9
Q

where is pepsinogen produced

A

chief cells

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10
Q

zymogen

A

proenzymes - enzyme in inactive form (requires activation to become functional)

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11
Q

pepsinogen

A

proenzyme produced by chief cell

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12
Q

pepsinogen activation

A

activated to pepsin by HCL

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13
Q

pepsin

A

digests proteins, active at low pH, 2-3.8, inactive at 3.9

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14
Q

what is produced by chief cells (2)

A
  1. pepsinogen
  2. stomach lipases
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15
Q

what pH are pepsin and lipases active at?

A

gastric enzymes - most active at low pH (2-3.8)

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16
Q

what is the drawback of stomach acid?

A

very acidic and can denature proteins of stomach lining

17
Q

what are the 2 ways stomach lining is protected from stomach acid? (2)

A
  1. thick layer of mucus on stomach lining makes physical barrier to prevent damage
  2. mucous surface cells and mucous neck cells secrete HCO3- into stomach lumen (neutralises acid)
18
Q

role of bile salts

A

digest neutral fats/fatty acids

19
Q

where are bile salts produced?

A

gall bladder

20
Q

what secrete pancreatic juice? (digestive enzymes)

A

pancreatic acinar cells

21
Q

where do digestive enzymes go from the pancreatic acinar cells?

A

channeled via exocrine duct leading to the digestive tract

22
Q

acinus

A

arrangement of acinar cells

23
Q

pancreatic hormone secretion

A

islet cells of langerhans secrete hormones that enter the blood

24
Q

pancreatic juice (3)

A
  1. proenzymes (trypsinogen)
  2. enzymes
  3. other secretions (HCO3-)
25
Q

process of pancreatic zymogens being activated in the small intestine (3) (trypsinogen)

A
  1. most pancreatic digestive enzymes secreted into lumen of small intestine of small intestine in inactive form (zymogen)
  2. activated in a cascade inside small intestine
  3. trypsinogen activated by intestinal enteropeptidases to generate trypsin that in turn activates other pancreatic enzymes
26
Q

role of bile

A

emulsifies lipids for lipid digestion and absorption in the small intestine

27
Q

hepatic secretion of bile and storage in gallbladder (4)

A
  1. hepatocytes produce bile acids in liver
  2. bile acids transported into bile ducts
  3. water and bicarbonate added by duct epithelial cells
  4. bile acids stored and channeled in gall bladder
28
Q

role of gall bladder (4)

A
  1. storage of bile acids
  2. bile acids concentrated up to 15 times
  3. can form bile acid crystals (gallstones)
  4. max vol of 60ml bile acid stored
29
Q

how is fat absorbed in the digestive system? (5)

A
  1. bile salts form liver coat fat droplets
  2. pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids stored in micelles
  3. monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles, enter cells by diffusion
  4. absorbed fats combine with cholesterol and proteins in intestinal cells to form chylomicrons
  5. chylomicrons removed by lymphatic system (lacteals) or join CVS via inferior vena cava
30
Q

lacteals (2)

A
  1. lymphatic capillaries within villi
  2. absorbs fats (enters as chylomicrons)
31
Q

2 gastric hormones (2)

A
  1. peptide hormone gastrin
  2. peptide hormone somatostatin
32
Q

peptide hormone gastrin (3)

A
  1. produced by G cells
  2. released in response to antrum (chamber) distension
  3. gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion
33
Q

peptide hormone somatostatin (2)

A
  1. produced by D cells
  2. somatostatin inhibits gastric acid (HCL) secretion
34
Q

pancreatic juice role inn

A
  1. duodenum receives chyme, secretes gastric hormones (secretin and cholecystokinin)
  2. hormones stimulate production of pancreatic juice
  3. HCO3- in pancreatic juice decreases acidity of chyme to pH 5
  4. enteropeptidase secreted in brush border of duodenum and jejunum
  5. enteropeptidases activate proenzymes from pancreas (such as trypsinogen into trypsin)
  6. trypsin activates 4 proenzymes (zymogen)

Physiology and Disease (13 decks)

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