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Histology - OMS 1 > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Define ventilation

A

Moving air into and out of the lungs

(different than respiration, which is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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2
Q

Define gas transport

A

Carrying gases to and from the cells of the body

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3
Q

Define internal respiration

A

Exchange of the cells’ carbon dioxide for oxygen

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4
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of inspired oxygen for carbon dioxide in the blood

(internal respiration is the exchange of the cell’s carbon dioxide for oxygen)

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5
Q

Structures of the respiratory system include (7):

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

Structures included in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system: (3)

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. alveoli
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7
Q

Primary functions of the respiratory conducting system:

A
  • Delivers air to lungs
  • Conditions incoming air: (cleanses, moistens, warms)
  • Olfaction
  • Sound production
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8
Q

How is incoming air cleansed in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Dust & particulate matter or filtered by nose hairs (vibrissae)

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9
Q

How is incoming air moistened by the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Mucous and serous secretions

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10
Q

How is incoming air warmed by the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Vascular network near the epithelial surface

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11
Q

______ epithelium is present in areas exposed to rapid air flow

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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12
Q

_____ epithelium lines most of the conducting airway

A

Ciliated pseudostratified

(contains goblet cells; helps condition incoming air)

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13
Q

The epithelium of the conducting portion of the respiratory system transitions into _____ and then _____ epithelium toward the end of the conducting airway.

A
  • simple columnar
  • cuboidal
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14
Q

What is the most numerous cell type in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Ciliated columnar cells (hundreds of cilia on each)

(second most numerous is goblet cells mucous cell)

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15
Q

______cells produce and secrete mucus.

A

Goblet cells /mucous cells

(The apical portion of the cell is filled with polysaccharide Rich mucus droplets.)

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16
Q

____ cells have microvilli at the apical surface and are thought to be sensory receptors

A

brush cells

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17
Q

Location and function of basal cells

A
  • Basal lamina
  • Regenerative: divide and differentiate into other cell types of the epithelium
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18
Q

_____ are the cells of the diffuse endocrine system

A

Small granule cells

(similar in size and location to basal cells)

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19
Q

What is contained in the small granule cells?

A

Hormone-like substances secreted by the cell that may regulate mucous and serous secretions of other cells.

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20
Q

Define nares

A

Dilated portion of the vestibule

(AKA nostril)

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21
Q

The vestibule is lined by: (4)

A

skin with vibrissae, sweat & sebaceous glands

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22
Q

The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the vestibule gives way to ___ .

A

respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

Define nasal septum

A

Hyaline cartilage dividing the vestibule into left and right halves

(internal to the vestibule the nasal septum is composed of bone)

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24
Q

Define Nasal conchae (turbinate)

A

Three shelf like folds in the bony lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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25
Function of the nasal conchae (turbinates)
Condition incoming air but increasing surface area exposed to the air and distributing air flow
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_ covers the middle and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
Respiratory Epithelium
27
Location of olfactory epithelium
Covers a portion of each Superior Concha
28
Olfactory epithelium is composed of ______ epithelium
thick pseudostratified columnar
29
Types of olfactory epithelium
* Olfactory cells * Sustentacular cells * Basal cells
30
Structure of olfactory cells
Bipolar neuron with olfactory bulb on apical surface (project slightly above the surface of surrounding cells)
31
Location of olfactory cilia nucleus
Basal half of the cell
32
Define olfactory cilia
Nonmotile projections extending from the bulb that are thought to generate a nervous impulse in response to odiferous molecules
33
Olfactory cilia axons project from the basal surface and join other axons below the basal lamina forming \_\_\_\_.
Nerve fiber bundles in the lamina propria (after they pass through the cribriform plate of the skull they're called **olfactory nerves**)
34
Function of sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium
Support and electrically insulated olfactory cells
35
What are the key histological features of the sustentacular cells
* Microvilli on apical surface * Oval nucleus in apical third of the cytoplasm
36
Sustentacular cells form junctional complexes with ____ and \_\_\_\_.
* each other * olfactory cells
37
Function of basal cells the olfactory epithelium
Replace sustentacular and olfactory cells
38
Describe the structure of basal cells of the olfactory epithelium
* Short, pyramid shaped cells * Do not extend all the way to the apical surface
39
Function of olfactory glands (Bowman's glands, G)
* Serous secretion to trap & dissolve odoriferous substances * Constant flow removes old scents & allows detection of new ones
40
\_\_\_\_ epithelium lines the sinuses
Respiratory
41
The \_\_\_\_\_of the paranasal sinuses is continuous with the periosteum and possesses \_\_\_.
* thin lamina propria * seromucous glands
42
Define sinusitis
Inflammation of paranasal sinuses (usually the results from an upper respiratory tract infection)
43
What are the two structures of the pharynx?
* Nasopharynx * Oropharynx
44
Nasopharynx is lined by ____ epithelium.
respiratory
45
Oropharynx is lined by\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium.
stratified squamous
46
The _____ is the organ involved in producing sounds for speech
larynx (irregular, rigid tube. Passageway for air between the oropharynx & trachea)
47
What are the key histological components of the larynx?
Lamina propria with irregularly-shaped cartilaginous plates (some hyaline, some elastic cartilage) (plates are joined by ligaments and moved by intrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx to produce sound)
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium covers both the lingual surface and the apical portion of the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis
Stratified squamous (respiratory epithelium toward base of the laryngeal surface)
49
Describe the position of the epiglottis during breathing versus eating
* *Respiration**: *_vertical_* position; uncovering the laryngeal opening * *Eating**: *_horizontal_* position; covering the larynx to swallow
50
Define the epiglottis
* Spoon-shaped plate with elastic cartilage core * Serves as cover for a larynx
51
What is present in the larynx wall, distal to the epiglottis?
Two pairs of mucosal folds: 1. ventricular folds/false vocal cords 2. vocal folds/true vocal cords
52
Describe the ventricular folds / false vocal cords
* Superior pair of folds * **Create** Resonance of sound (laryngeal ventricle **affects** resonance and volume of sound)
53
The false vocal cords / ventricular folds are covered by ____ epithelium
respiratory
54
Define laryngeal ventricle
Outpocket of the larynx lumen located between the false and true vocal cords
55
Function of laryngeal ventricle
**affects** resonance and volume of sound (false vocal cords ventricular fold **creates** the resonance)
56
Define vocal folds / true vocal cords.
lower pair of folds (distal to epiglottis)
57
Function of vocal folds/true vocal cords
Movement of air against the edges **produces sound**
58
Define vocal ligament
* Located within the true vocal chords * Consists of parallel elastic fiber bundles
59
Define vocalis muscles
Skeletal muscles attached to the ligaments that can modify both the tension on the true vocal cords and the amount of space between the vocal folds
60
The wall of the trachea is divided into four layers:
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Cartilaginous layer 4. adventitia
61
Define mucosa layer of the trachea
* Respiratory epithelium * Lamina propria: loose, elastic connective tissue layer
62
Define submucosa layer of trachea
* dense connective tissue layer * Glands (mucous, seromucus)
63
Define cartilaginous layer of the wall of the trachea
* 10-12 horseshoe shaped **hyaline cartilage rings** that keep the trachea open * Adjacent rings are bound to one another by **fibroelastic connective tissue** * **Trachealis muscle: smooth muscle** bridging the two ends of each ring regulating lumen size
64
Trachea --\> primary bronchi --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
secondary/lobar bronchi --\> tertiary/segmental bronchi --\> bronchioles --\> terminal bronchioles
65
Epithelium of the bronchioles
Ciliated simple columnar (occasional: ciliated pseudostratified columnar, Simple cuboidal, Ciliated cells)
66
\_\_\_\_\_ represent the end of the conducting pathway
Terminal bronchioles
67
Epithelium of terminal bronchioles
Simple cuboidal
68
Connective tissue of terminal bronchioles
Fibroelastic (1 - 2 layers of smooth muscle. Bronchioles do not contain cartilage)
69
Clara cells
Specialized cells of the terminal bronchioles
70
Function of Clara cells
1. Secretes GAG: support and protect 2. Enzymes to degrade inhale toxins 3. Surfactant 4. Regeneration
71
Structure of Clara cells
* Rounded apical surface without cilia * Blunt microvilli
72
The ____ arise from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles
73
Define alveolus
Sac-like protrusion from the wall of the respiratory bronchiole alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs (give his lungs it's sponginess)
74
Alveolar duct
Tube with alveoli making up its wall
75
Alveolar sacs
a group or clump of alveoli that communicate with one another
76
Alveolar septum
Wall between two adjacent alveoli
77
Epithelium of alveolar septum
Specialized simple squamous epithelium
78
What structures are sandwiched between the epithelial layers of the alveolar septum?
* Connective tissue matrix of elastic & reticular fibers * Extensive capillary bed (continuous capillaries)
79
Cell types of the alveolar simple epithelium
Type 1 pneumocytes (95%) Type 2 pneumocytes (aka great alveolar cells)
80
Structure of type 1 pneumocytes
* Organelles grouped around the nucleus * Extremely thin * Cytoplasm has many peanuts italic vesicles (remove contaminants, turnover of surfactant) * Tight junctions (prevent leakage of body fluids into alveoli)
81
Define type two pneumocytes (AKA great alveolar cells princi
* Cuboidal cells w/dome apical surface * Secretory cells (large amounts of our ER and Golgi) * Lamellar bodies
82
What is the most notable ultrastructural feature of type 2 pneumocytes (AKA great alveolar cells)?
Lamellar bodies
83
Define lamellar bodies of type 2 pneumocytes
Distinctive membrane-bound vesicles contain a series of concentric/layered lamellae containing pulmonary surfactant
84
Function of type 2 pneumocytes (AKA alveolar cells)
* Release pulmonary surfactant * Epithelial regeneration
85
Describe the role of surfactant in reducing the force needed to inflate alveoli during inspiration
Forms a monomolecular film that reduces surface tension at the are epithelium surface (Released by exocytosis)
86
Describe epithelial regeneration of type 2 pneumocytes
Can regenerate both type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes
87
Dust cells (AKA alveolar macrophages) location
Connective tissue of the alveolar septum (resident) Alveolar surface (passed up alveolar tree & swallowed)
88
Function of dust cells (AKA alveolar macrophages)
Remove the debris carried to the interstitial connective tissue by pinocytotic activity of type 1 pneumocytes
89
90
palatine tonsils definition & location
* aggregations of lymphatic noules * located in lateral oropharynx (behind 3rd molars)
91
Trachealis muscle
* smooth muscle bridging the two ends of each ring of cartilaginous layer of trachea * regulates lumen size (yellow star)
92
93
94
Define blood-air barrier
Three components of the alveolar septum that separate the blood in the capillaries from the air in the alveoli
95
Which 3 structures are included in the blood - air barrier?
1. Alveolar epithelial cells 2. Basal membrane 3. Capillary endothelial cells
96
Define basement membrane of the blood - air barrier
Fusion of epithelial cell basal lamina & capillary endothelial cell basal lamina

Histology - OMS 1 (16 decks)

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