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Histology - OMS 1 > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Define ventilation

A

Moving air into and out of the lungs

(different than respiration, which is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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2
Q

Define gas transport

A

Carrying gases to and from the cells of the body

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3
Q

Define internal respiration

A

Exchange of the cells’ carbon dioxide for oxygen

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4
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of inspired oxygen for carbon dioxide in the blood

(internal respiration is the exchange of the cell’s carbon dioxide for oxygen)

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5
Q

Structures of the respiratory system include (7):

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

Structures included in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system: (3)

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. alveoli
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7
Q

Primary functions of the respiratory conducting system:

A
  • Delivers air to lungs
  • Conditions incoming air: (cleanses, moistens, warms)
  • Olfaction
  • Sound production
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8
Q

How is incoming air cleansed in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Dust & particulate matter or filtered by nose hairs (vibrissae)

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9
Q

How is incoming air moistened by the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Mucous and serous secretions

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10
Q

How is incoming air warmed by the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Vascular network near the epithelial surface

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11
Q

______ epithelium is present in areas exposed to rapid air flow

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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12
Q

_____ epithelium lines most of the conducting airway

A

Ciliated pseudostratified

(contains goblet cells; helps condition incoming air)

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13
Q

The epithelium of the conducting portion of the respiratory system transitions into _____ and then _____ epithelium toward the end of the conducting airway.

A
  • simple columnar
  • cuboidal
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14
Q

What is the most numerous cell type in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Ciliated columnar cells (hundreds of cilia on each)

(second most numerous is goblet cells mucous cell)

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15
Q

______cells produce and secrete mucus.

A

Goblet cells /mucous cells

(The apical portion of the cell is filled with polysaccharide Rich mucus droplets.)

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16
Q

____ cells have microvilli at the apical surface and are thought to be sensory receptors

A

brush cells

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17
Q

Location and function of basal cells

A
  • Basal lamina
  • Regenerative: divide and differentiate into other cell types of the epithelium
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18
Q

_____ are the cells of the diffuse endocrine system

A

Small granule cells

(similar in size and location to basal cells)

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19
Q

What is contained in the small granule cells?

A

Hormone-like substances secreted by the cell that may regulate mucous and serous secretions of other cells.

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20
Q

Define nares

A

Dilated portion of the vestibule

(AKA nostril)

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21
Q

The vestibule is lined by: (4)

A

skin with vibrissae, sweat & sebaceous glands

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22
Q

The keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the vestibule gives way to ___ .

A

respiratory epithelium

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23
Q

Define nasal septum

A

Hyaline cartilage dividing the vestibule into left and right halves

(internal to the vestibule the nasal septum is composed of bone)

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24
Q

Define Nasal conchae (turbinate)

A

Three shelf like folds in the bony lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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25
Q

Function of the nasal conchae (turbinates)

A

Condition incoming air but increasing surface area exposed to the air and distributing air flow

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26
Q

______ covers the middle and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)

A

Respiratory Epithelium

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27
Q

Location of olfactory epithelium

A

Covers a portion of each Superior Concha

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28
Q

Olfactory epithelium is composed of ______ epithelium

A

thick pseudostratified columnar

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29
Q

Types of olfactory epithelium

A
  • Olfactory cells
  • Sustentacular cells
  • Basal cells
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30
Q

Structure of olfactory cells

A

Bipolar neuron with olfactory bulb on apical surface

(project slightly above the surface of surrounding cells)

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31
Q

Location of olfactory cilia nucleus

A

Basal half of the cell

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32
Q

Define olfactory cilia

A

Nonmotile projections extending from the bulb that are thought to generate a nervous impulse in response to odiferous molecules

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33
Q

Olfactory cilia axons project from the basal surface and join other axons below the basal lamina forming ____.

A

Nerve fiber bundles in the lamina propria

(after they pass through the cribriform plate of the skull they’re called olfactory nerves)

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34
Q

Function of sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium

A

Support and electrically insulated olfactory cells

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35
Q

What are the key histological features of the sustentacular cells

A
  • Microvilli on apical surface
  • Oval nucleus in apical third of the cytoplasm
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36
Q

Sustentacular cells form junctional complexes with ____ and ____.

A
  • each other
  • olfactory cells
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37
Q

Function of basal cells the olfactory epithelium

A

Replace sustentacular and olfactory cells

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38
Q

Describe the structure of basal cells of the olfactory epithelium

A
  • Short, pyramid shaped cells
  • Do not extend all the way to the apical surface
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39
Q

Function of olfactory glands (Bowman’s glands, G)

A
  • Serous secretion to trap & dissolve odoriferous substances
  • Constant flow removes old scents & allows detection of new ones
40
Q

____ epithelium lines the sinuses

A

Respiratory

41
Q

The _____of the paranasal sinuses is continuous with the periosteum and possesses ___.

A
  • thin lamina propria
  • seromucous glands
42
Q

Define sinusitis

A

Inflammation of paranasal sinuses

(usually the results from an upper respiratory tract infection)

43
Q

What are the two structures of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
44
Q

Nasopharynx is lined by ____ epithelium.

A

respiratory

45
Q

Oropharynx is lined by_____ epithelium.

A

stratified squamous

46
Q

The _____ is the organ involved in producing sounds for speech

A

larynx

(irregular, rigid tube. Passageway for air between the oropharynx & trachea)

47
Q

What are the key histological components of the larynx?

A

Lamina propria with irregularly-shaped cartilaginous plates (some hyaline, some elastic cartilage)

(plates are joined by ligaments and moved by intrinsic skeletal muscles of the larynx to produce sound)

48
Q

______ epithelium covers both the lingual surface and the apical portion of the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis

A

Stratified squamous

(respiratory epithelium toward base of the laryngeal surface)

49
Q

Describe the position of the epiglottis during breathing versus eating

A
  • *Respiration**: vertical position; uncovering the laryngeal opening
  • *Eating**: horizontal position; covering the larynx to swallow
50
Q

Define the epiglottis

A
  • Spoon-shaped plate with elastic cartilage core
  • Serves as cover for a larynx
51
Q

What is present in the larynx wall, distal to the epiglottis?

A

Two pairs of mucosal folds:

  1. ventricular folds/false vocal cords
  2. vocal folds/true vocal cords
52
Q

Describe the ventricular folds / false vocal cords

A
  • Superior pair of folds
  • Create Resonance of sound

(laryngeal ventricle affects resonance and volume of sound)

53
Q

The false vocal cords / ventricular folds are covered by ____ epithelium

A

respiratory

54
Q

Define laryngeal ventricle

A

Outpocket of the larynx lumen located between the false and true vocal cords

55
Q

Function of laryngeal ventricle

A

affects resonance and volume of sound

(false vocal cords ventricular fold creates the resonance)

56
Q

Define vocal folds / true vocal cords.

A

lower pair of folds (distal to epiglottis)

57
Q

Function of vocal folds/true vocal cords

A

Movement of air against the edges produces sound

58
Q

Define vocal ligament

A
  • Located within the true vocal chords
  • Consists of parallel elastic fiber bundles
59
Q

Define vocalis muscles

A

Skeletal muscles attached to the ligaments that can modify both the tension on the true vocal cords and the amount of space between the vocal folds

60
Q

The wall of the trachea is divided into four layers:

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Cartilaginous layer
  4. adventitia
61
Q

Define mucosa layer of the trachea

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Lamina propria: loose, elastic connective tissue layer
62
Q

Define submucosa layer of trachea

A
  • dense connective tissue layer
  • Glands (mucous, seromucus)
63
Q

Define cartilaginous layer of the wall of the trachea

A
  • 10-12 horseshoe shaped hyaline cartilage rings that keep the trachea open
  • Adjacent rings are bound to one another by fibroelastic connective tissue
  • Trachealis muscle: smooth muscle bridging the two ends of each ring regulating lumen size
64
Q

Trachea –> primary bronchi –> _______

A

secondary/lobar bronchi –> tertiary/segmental bronchi –> bronchioles –>

terminal bronchioles

65
Q

Epithelium of the bronchioles

A

Ciliated simple columnar

(occasional: ciliated pseudostratified columnar, Simple cuboidal, Ciliated cells)

66
Q

_____ represent the end of the conducting pathway

A

Terminal bronchioles

67
Q

Epithelium of terminal bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal

68
Q

Connective tissue of terminal bronchioles

A

Fibroelastic

(1 - 2 layers of smooth muscle. Bronchioles do not contain cartilage)

69
Q

Clara cells

A

Specialized cells of the terminal bronchioles

70
Q

Function of Clara cells

A
  1. Secretes GAG: support and protect
  2. Enzymes to degrade inhale toxins
  3. Surfactant
  4. Regeneration
71
Q

Structure of Clara cells

A
  • Rounded apical surface without cilia
  • Blunt microvilli
72
Q

The ____ arise from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles

73
Q

Define alveolus

A

Sac-like protrusion from the wall of the respiratory bronchiole alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

(give his lungs it’s sponginess)

74
Q

Alveolar duct

A

Tube with alveoli making up its wall

75
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

a group or clump of alveoli that communicate with one another

76
Q

Alveolar septum

A

Wall between two adjacent alveoli

77
Q

Epithelium of alveolar septum

A

Specialized simple squamous epithelium

78
Q

What structures are sandwiched between the epithelial layers of the alveolar septum?

A
  • Connective tissue matrix of elastic & reticular fibers
  • Extensive capillary bed (continuous capillaries)
79
Q

Cell types of the alveolar simple epithelium

A

Type 1 pneumocytes (95%)

Type 2 pneumocytes (aka great alveolar cells)

80
Q

Structure of type 1 pneumocytes

A
  • Organelles grouped around the nucleus
  • Extremely thin
  • Cytoplasm has many peanuts italic vesicles (remove contaminants, turnover of surfactant)
  • Tight junctions (prevent leakage of body fluids into alveoli)
81
Q

Define type two pneumocytes (AKA great alveolar cells princi

A
  • Cuboidal cells w/dome apical surface
  • Secretory cells (large amounts of our ER and Golgi)
  • Lamellar bodies
82
Q

What is the most notable ultrastructural feature of type 2 pneumocytes (AKA great alveolar cells)?

A

Lamellar bodies

83
Q

Define lamellar bodies of type 2 pneumocytes

A

Distinctive membrane-bound vesicles contain a series of concentric/layered lamellae containing pulmonary surfactant

84
Q

Function of type 2 pneumocytes (AKA alveolar cells)

A
  • Release pulmonary surfactant
  • Epithelial regeneration
85
Q

Describe the role of surfactant in reducing the force needed to inflate alveoli during inspiration

A

Forms a monomolecular film that reduces surface tension at the are epithelium surface

(Released by exocytosis)

86
Q

Describe epithelial regeneration of type 2 pneumocytes

A

Can regenerate both type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

87
Q

Dust cells (AKA alveolar macrophages) location

A

Connective tissue of the alveolar septum (resident)

Alveolar surface (passed up alveolar tree & swallowed)

88
Q

Function of dust cells (AKA alveolar macrophages)

A

Remove the debris carried to the interstitial connective tissue by pinocytotic activity of type 1 pneumocytes

89
Q
A
90
Q

palatine tonsils definition & location

A
  • aggregations of lymphatic noules
  • located in lateral oropharynx (behind 3rd molars)
91
Q

Trachealis muscle

A
  • smooth muscle bridging the two ends of each ring of cartilaginous layer of trachea
  • regulates lumen size

(yellow star)

92
Q
A
93
Q
A
94
Q

Define blood-air barrier

A

Three components of the alveolar septum that separate the blood in the capillaries from the air in the alveoli

95
Q

Which 3 structures are included in the blood - air barrier?

A
  1. Alveolar epithelial cells
  2. Basal membrane
  3. Capillary endothelial cells
96
Q

Define basement membrane of the blood - air barrier

A

Fusion of epithelial cell basal lamina & capillary endothelial cell basal lamina

Histology - OMS 1 (16 decks)

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