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Histology - OMS 1 > Liver, Exocrine & Gallbladder Histo > Flashcards

Liver, Exocrine & Gallbladder Histo Flashcards

1
Q

2 general classes of exocrine gland secretions

A
  • Mucous glands
  • Serous glands
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2
Q

Mucinogen

A

Large glycoproteins that when hydrated form a viscous lubricant

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3
Q

Histological features of mucus glands

A
  • Cuboidal shaped cells with a light cytoplasm
  • Flat basal nucleus
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4
Q

Location of mucous cell groupings in glands

A

Most commonly form the wall of tubules, but can be grouped together as acini

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5
Q

Serous glands secrete ___.

A

Watery serous fluid that is rich in enzymes

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6
Q

Histology of serous glands

A
  • Pyramidal shaped
  • Round basal nucleus
  • Eosinophilic (granules)
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7
Q

Location of serous glands

A

Group together in a bunch called and acinus or alveolus

(like a bunch of grapes)

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8
Q

Define mixed glands

A

Contain both mucous and serous secretory units

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9
Q

Mixed glands form _____.

A

Serous demilune

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10
Q

Formation of mixed glands

A

Serous cells are wedged into mucus tubules or acini, forming a mixed secretory unit

(appears as a half-moon shape)

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11
Q

3 modes of exocrine gland secretion

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Holocrine
  3. Apocrine
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12
Q

Most common exocrine gland

A

Merocrine glands

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13
Q

Merocrine gland mechanism of release

A

Exocytosis

(no loss of membrane or cytoplasm)

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14
Q

Holocrine mechanism of release

A

The cell itself becomes the secretary product (the whole cell or the contents of the cytoplasm).

(ex: sebaceous glands at hair follicle)

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15
Q

Apocrine gland mechanism of release

A

Apical portion of the cell is cleaved off releasing that part of the cytoplasm & cell membrane (along w/secretory product)

(ex: lactating mammary glands & sweat glands)

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16
Q

Structural characteristic of unicellular glands

A

Single secretory cell situated among non secretory cells

(ex: goblet cells)

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17
Q

Structural characteristics of multicellular glands

A

Clusters of secretory cells organized in various structural patterns

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18
Q

Function of multicellular gland

A

Functions as a secretary organ

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19
Q

Multicellular gland secretory unit arrangements

A
  • Acinus or alveolus (a spherical cluster of secretory cells)
  • Tubule
  • Tubulo-acinar
  • Branched (simple or compound)
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20
Q

Define simple duct branching pattern

A

Gands with a single duct

(ex: simple acinar, simple tubular, sweat glands)

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21
Q

Define compound duct branching pattern

A

Glands with branched ducts

(ex: compound acinar glands, compound tubular glands, compound tubule-acinar)

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22
Q

Define compound acinar glands

A

Multiple acini, each one emptying into an intercalated duct

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23
Q

Define compound tubular glands

A

Multiple tubular secretory portions, each emptying into an intercalated duct

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24
Q

Three components of the compound gland duct system

A
  • Intercalated ducts
  • Striated intralobular ducts
  • Interlobular excretory ducts
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25
Q

Describe the intercalated ducts (compound duct system)

A
  • The ducts into where the secretory endpieces empty
  • Are smaller than the acini
  • Lined by cuboidal cells
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26
Q

Describe the striated intralobular ducts (duct system of compound glands)

A
  • Formed by several intercalated ducts
  • Cuboidal cell lined ducts
  • Larger than intercalated ducts
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27
Q

Describe interlobular (excretory) ducts

A
  • Fed by the intralobular duct
  • Located in the connective tissue septa between the lobules
  • Lined by simple columnar epithelium
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28
Q

Three named, paired salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular/submaxillary
  3. Sublingual
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29
Q

GI accessory exocrine glands

A
  • Salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
  • Exocrine pancreas
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30
Q

Saliva function

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Solvent
  3. Carbohydrate digestion
  4. Antibacterial function
  5. Immunological defense
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31
Q

Location of parotid glands

A

Infero anterior to the ears

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32
Q

Structure of the parotid glands

A
  1. Largest salivary gland
  2. Compound acinar gland
  3. Serous only
  4. Well-developed CNT capsule with many lymphoid cells
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33
Q

Location of the submandibular/submaxillary glands

A

Either side of the floor of the mouth

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34
Q

Structure of the submandibular / submaxillary gland

A

Mixed compound tubular - acinar
Serous secretory units more so than mucus secretory units

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35
Q

Location of sublingual glands

A

Floor of the mouth

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36
Q

Structure of sublingual glands

A
  • Mixed tubulo - acinar
  • Majority of secretory units are mucus most of the serous cells are in serous demilunes
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37
Q

Describe the structure of the exocrine pancreas

A
  • Compound acinar
  • Exclusively serous
  • Secretions look similar to those of the parotid gland
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38
Q

Exclusive characteristics of the exocrine pancreas

A
  1. Islets of langerhans
  2. Centroacinar cells
  3. Zymogen granules
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39
Q

Histological characteristics of central acinar cells

A
  • Pale cells in the center of each acinus
  • Represent the beginning of the intercalated duct
  • Short intercalated ducts enter into intralobular ducts

(NO striations)

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40
Q

Histology of zymogen granules (exocrine pancreas)

A

Intensely - staining secretory granules that contain numerous digestive enzymes

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41
Q

Location of zymogen granules

A

Apical cytoplasm

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42
Q

Histological features of hepatocytes

A
  • Basophilic rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Binucleated hepatocyte
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm (many mitochondria)
  • Glycogen deposits and lipid droplets
  • Peroxisomes
  • Polyhedral
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43
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Break down hydrogen peroxide

Alcohol metabolism

(found in cytoplasm)

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44
Q

The ultrastructure of hepatocytes consist of:

A
  • Lateral domains
  • Sinusoidal domains
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45
Q
A
46
Q

____ sides of the six-sided hepatocyte will be lateral domains

A

Four

47
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

Small tube formed by adjacent lateral domains

(secretes bile)

48
Q

Location of sinusoidal domains

A

Adjacent to liver sinusoidal capillaries

49
Q

Function of sinusoidal domains

A

Exocrine secretion
Hormone and metabolites of takes in the blood (receptor-mediated endocytosis)

50
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  • Bile formation and secretion
  • Detoxification / degradation of hormones, drugs, and toxins
  • Elimination of ammonia (urea synthesis)
  • Synthesis of most blood plasma proteins
  • Storage of metabolites
51
Q

Describe the organization of hepatocytes

A

Organized into plates (1-2 cells thick) that are parallel to one another and separated by sinusoidal gaps occupied by capillaries

52
Q

Location of bile ducts

A

Lateral domains

(they’re completely isolated from sinusitis capillaries)

53
Q

The portal vein system carries blood from the_____.

A

abdominal viscera

54
Q

Dual blood supply of the liver

A

80% from the portal vein: oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich

20% from the hepatic artery: oxygen rich

55
Q

Distributing veins arise from the ____ veins.

A

interlobular

56
Q

Distributing veins

A

Small, thin-walled veins that run in the connective tissue along the periphery of each lobule

(arise from enter lobular veins)

57
Q

Small inlet venules carry blood from the _____ veins into the____.

A
  • distributing
  • sinusoidal capillaries
58
Q

Terminal hepatic venules are also known as

A

Central vein

(drains the sinusoidal capillaries)

59
Q

Terminal hepatic venules drain the _____

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

60
Q

Sublobar vein

A

Large vein at the base of the lobule that drains into the central vein

(runs perpendicular with lobules; fuse to form hepatic veins which empty into the vena cava)

61
Q

Hepatic veins

A
  • Fusion of sublobar veins
  • Enter the inferior vena cava
62
Q

Hepatic arteries enter at the_____.

A

hilus of the liver

63
Q

Hepatic artery branches into_______.

A

interlobular arteries of the portal triad

64
Q

_____ supplies blood to the liver’s connective tissue.

A

Hepatic arteries

65
Q

Hepatic sinusoids are lined by______.

A

a discontinuous epithelium with large pores or fenestrae

(no diaphragms; large gaps between cells)

66
Q

Perisinusoidal space (of Disse)

A
  • Separates the sinusoidal endothelial cells from the surface of hepatocytes
  • Irregular microvilli extend from the hepatocyte into the space
  • Site of hepatocyte endocrine secretions
67
Q

Function of the perisinusoidal space (of Disse)

A

Site for hepatocyte endocrine secretions

68
Q

Function of large fenestrae and discontinuous endothelium of the liver

A
  • Allows direct contact of most blood contents with hepatocyte
  • Low resistance
  • Slow blood flow
69
Q
A
70
Q

Bile flows in the ____ direction from the blood flow

A

opposite

(from bile canaliculi to bile ductule (Hering’s Canal))

71
Q

Bile duct of the portal triad receives bile from _____ as they pass out of the classic lobule.

A

bile ductules

72
Q
A

Bile canaliculi (red chicken wire)

(in iron hematoxylin stain = Ca)

73
Q

The liver, spleen and bone marrow all have which type of capillary?

A

sinusoidal

74
Q

_____ form a delicate connective tissue stroma supporting the hepatocyte.

A

Reticular fibers

75
Q

Each outside corner of the hexagon is a _____, occupied by loose connective tissue extensions from the capsule of the liver.

A

portal space

76
Q

Portal Triad components (portal triads occupy 3-6 of the lobules portal space)

A
  • Venule
  • Arteriole
  • Bile duct
  • Lymphatic vessel
77
Q

Sinusoids drain into the____.

A

central vein

78
Q

____ occupies the center of the classic lobule

A

central vein (terminal hepatic venule)

79
Q
A

portal triad

80
Q

Deliver substructure is described in terms of its function as a_____.

A

bile - secreting exocrine gland

81
Q
A
82
Q

obstruction of bile flow can lead to _____

A

jaundice

83
Q

what is the most useful liver model physiologically, but the most difficult to define histologically?

A

liver acinus

84
Q

Liver acinus

A
  • A diamond shaped unit of the liver
  • Short axis runs between portal triads
  • long axis runs between two terminal hepatic venules
85
Q

liver acinus zones have implications regarding _____.

A

regeneration following toxic insult or ischemia.

86
Q

Zone 1 of liver acinus

A

most oxygen-rich

first to die; first to regenerate

87
Q

Zone 2 of liver acinus

A

intermediate zone

88
Q

zone 3 of liver acinus

A
  • closest to central venule
  • 1st to exhibit necrotic changes and fat accumulation in response to ischemia and hypoxia
  • last to regenerate; last to die
  • oxygen-poor
89
Q

Zone 1 functions

A
  • enzmes for glycogen synthesis
  • glucose storage
  • produce the most bile
  • synthesizes most albumin
90
Q

zone 3 has the greatest concentration of enzymes involved in ____.

A

xenobiotic metabolism (other proteins foreign to the body)

91
Q
A

centrilobular necrosis

92
Q

kupfer cells

A

macrophages that reside on the sinusoid endothelial lining

93
Q

Kupfer cell function

A
  • Phagocytize aged red blood cells
  • Digest hemoglobin
  • Antigen presentation
  • Destroy microorganisms
94
Q

Fat storing cells of the liver are also known as

A

Ito cells

95
Q

Fat - storing cells aka Ito cells

A

stellate cells in perisinusoidal space

(function: store Vit A)

96
Q

Hepatocyte lifespan

A

5 months

(regeneration allows proliferation and restoration of liver architecture)

97
Q
A

(green box = binucleated hepatocytes)

98
Q

Gallbladder is made of _____ epithelium

A

Simple columnar

99
Q

Gallbladder histology

A
  • microvilli
  • junctional complexes
  • Oval, basal nucleus
  • High concentration of mitochondria and basal portion of cell
100
Q

Describe the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells of the gallbladder mucosa.

A

Numerous folds that become distended during water re-absorption and greatly increase the intracellular space

101
Q

Which two common structures of mucosa are missing in the gallbladder?

A
  • Muscularis mucosa
  • Submucosa
102
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the gallbladder

A
  • Highly vascularized with venous sinuses and fenestrated capillaries
  • Reabsorb the fluid is carried away by these vessels
  • Mucous glands
103
Q

Function of gallbladder

A
  • Stores bile
  • Concentrates bile by reabsorbing water from it
  • Releases concentrated bile when needed into small intestine
104
Q

Cholecystokinin effect on gallbladder

A
  • Triggers smooth muscle contraction of the gallbladder
  • Triggered by fats in the small intestine
105
Q
A
106
Q

Which organ is this taken from?

A

duodenum

107
Q

Name the structure this was taken from.

A

stomach transition into the duodenum. Pyloric sphincter can be seen between the two regions.

108
Q

parietal cells look like _____.

A

fried egg

109
Q
A

mucous & serous cells from the salivary gland

110
Q
A

Histology - OMS 1 (16 decks)

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