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Histology - OMS 1 > Liver, Exocrine & Gallbladder Histo > Flashcards

Liver, Exocrine & Gallbladder Histo Flashcards

1
Q

2 general classes of exocrine gland secretions

A
  • Mucous glands
  • Serous glands
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2
Q

Mucinogen

A

Large glycoproteins that when hydrated form a viscous lubricant

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3
Q

Histological features of mucus glands

A
  • Cuboidal shaped cells with a light cytoplasm
  • Flat basal nucleus
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4
Q

Location of mucous cell groupings in glands

A

Most commonly form the wall of tubules, but can be grouped together as acini

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5
Q

Serous glands secrete ___.

A

Watery serous fluid that is rich in enzymes

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6
Q

Histology of serous glands

A
  • Pyramidal shaped
  • Round basal nucleus
  • Eosinophilic (granules)
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7
Q

Location of serous glands

A

Group together in a bunch called and acinus or alveolus

(like a bunch of grapes)

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8
Q

Define mixed glands

A

Contain both mucous and serous secretory units

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9
Q

Mixed glands form _____.

A

Serous demilune

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10
Q

Formation of mixed glands

A

Serous cells are wedged into mucus tubules or acini, forming a mixed secretory unit

(appears as a half-moon shape)

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11
Q

3 modes of exocrine gland secretion

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Holocrine
  3. Apocrine
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12
Q

Most common exocrine gland

A

Merocrine glands

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13
Q

Merocrine gland mechanism of release

A

Exocytosis

(no loss of membrane or cytoplasm)

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14
Q

Holocrine mechanism of release

A

The cell itself becomes the secretary product (the whole cell or the contents of the cytoplasm).

(ex: sebaceous glands at hair follicle)

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15
Q

Apocrine gland mechanism of release

A

Apical portion of the cell is cleaved off releasing that part of the cytoplasm & cell membrane (along w/secretory product)

(ex: lactating mammary glands & sweat glands)

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16
Q

Structural characteristic of unicellular glands

A

Single secretory cell situated among non secretory cells

(ex: goblet cells)

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17
Q

Structural characteristics of multicellular glands

A

Clusters of secretory cells organized in various structural patterns

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18
Q

Function of multicellular gland

A

Functions as a secretary organ

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19
Q

Multicellular gland secretory unit arrangements

A
  • Acinus or alveolus (a spherical cluster of secretory cells)
  • Tubule
  • Tubulo-acinar
  • Branched (simple or compound)
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20
Q

Define simple duct branching pattern

A

Gands with a single duct

(ex: simple acinar, simple tubular, sweat glands)

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21
Q

Define compound duct branching pattern

A

Glands with branched ducts

(ex: compound acinar glands, compound tubular glands, compound tubule-acinar)

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22
Q

Define compound acinar glands

A

Multiple acini, each one emptying into an intercalated duct

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23
Q

Define compound tubular glands

A

Multiple tubular secretory portions, each emptying into an intercalated duct

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24
Q

Three components of the compound gland duct system

A
  • Intercalated ducts
  • Striated intralobular ducts
  • Interlobular excretory ducts
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25
Describe the intercalated ducts (compound duct system)
* The ducts into where the secretory endpieces empty * Are smaller than the acini * Lined by cuboidal cells
26
Describe the striated intralobular ducts (duct system of compound glands)
* Formed by several intercalated ducts * Cuboidal cell lined ducts * Larger than intercalated ducts
27
Describe interlobular (excretory) ducts
* Fed by the intralobular duct * Located in the connective tissue septa between the lobules * Lined by simple columnar epithelium
28
Three named, paired salivary glands
1. Parotid 2. Submandibular/submaxillary 3. Sublingual
29
GI accessory exocrine glands
* Salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) * Exocrine pancreas
30
Saliva function
1. Lubrication 2. Solvent 3. Carbohydrate digestion 4. Antibacterial function 5. Immunological defense
31
Location of parotid glands
Infero anterior to the ears
32
Structure of the parotid glands
1. Largest salivary gland 2. Compound acinar gland 3. Serous only 4. Well-developed CNT capsule with many lymphoid cells
33
Location of the submandibular/submaxillary glands
Either side of the floor of the mouth
34
Structure of the submandibular / submaxillary gland
Mixed compound tubular - acinar Serous secretory units more so than mucus secretory units
35
Location of sublingual glands
Floor of the mouth
36
Structure of sublingual glands
* Mixed tubulo - acinar * Majority of secretory units are mucus most of the serous cells are in serous demilunes
37
Describe the structure of the exocrine pancreas
* Compound acinar * Exclusively serous * Secretions look similar to those of the parotid gland
38
Exclusive characteristics of the exocrine pancreas
1. Islets of langerhans 2. Centroacinar cells 3. Zymogen granules
39
Histological characteristics of central acinar cells
* Pale cells in the center of each acinus * Represent the beginning of the intercalated duct * Short intercalated ducts enter into intralobular ducts (NO striations)
40
Histology of zymogen granules (exocrine pancreas)
Intensely - staining secretory granules that contain numerous digestive enzymes
41
Location of zymogen granules
Apical cytoplasm
42
Histological features of hepatocytes
* Basophilic rough endoplasmic reticulum * Binucleated hepatocyte * Eosinophilic cytoplasm (many mitochondria) * Glycogen deposits and lipid droplets * Peroxisomes * Polyhedral
43
Function of peroxisomes
Break down hydrogen peroxide Alcohol metabolism (found in cytoplasm)
44
The ultrastructure of hepatocytes consist of:
* Lateral domains * Sinusoidal domains
45
46
\_\_\_\_ sides of the six-sided hepatocyte will be lateral domains
Four
47
Bile canaliculi
Small tube formed by adjacent lateral domains (secretes bile)
48
Location of sinusoidal domains
Adjacent to liver sinusoidal capillaries
49
Function of sinusoidal domains
Exocrine secretion Hormone and metabolites of takes in the blood (receptor-mediated endocytosis)
50
Functions of the liver
* Bile formation and secretion * Detoxification / degradation of hormones, drugs, and toxins * Elimination of ammonia (urea synthesis) * Synthesis of most blood plasma proteins * Storage of metabolites
51
Describe the organization of hepatocytes
Organized into plates (1-2 cells thick) that are parallel to one another and separated by sinusoidal gaps occupied by capillaries
52
Location of bile ducts
Lateral domains (they're completely isolated from sinusitis capillaries)
53
The portal vein system carries blood from the\_\_\_\_\_.
abdominal viscera
54
Dual blood supply of the liver
80% from the portal vein: oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich 20% from the hepatic artery: oxygen rich
55
Distributing veins arise from the ____ veins.
interlobular
56
Distributing veins
Small, thin-walled veins that run in the connective tissue along the periphery of each lobule (arise from enter lobular veins)
57
Small inlet venules carry blood from the _____ veins into the\_\_\_\_.
* distributing * sinusoidal capillaries
58
Terminal hepatic venules are also known as
Central vein (drains the sinusoidal capillaries)
59
Terminal hepatic venules drain the \_\_\_\_\_
Sinusoidal capillaries
60
Sublobar vein
Large vein at the base of the lobule that drains into the central vein (runs perpendicular with lobules; fuse to form hepatic veins which empty into the vena cava)
61
Hepatic veins
* Fusion of sublobar veins * Enter the inferior vena cava
62
Hepatic arteries enter at the\_\_\_\_\_.
hilus of the liver
63
Hepatic artery branches into\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
interlobular arteries of the portal triad
64
\_\_\_\_\_ supplies blood to the liver's connective tissue.
Hepatic arteries
65
Hepatic sinusoids are lined by\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a discontinuous epithelium with large pores or fenestrae (no diaphragms; large gaps between cells)
66
Perisinusoidal space (of Disse)
* Separates the sinusoidal endothelial cells from the surface of hepatocytes * Irregular microvilli extend from the hepatocyte into the space * Site of hepatocyte endocrine secretions
67
Function of the perisinusoidal space (of Disse)
Site for hepatocyte endocrine secretions
68
Function of large fenestrae and discontinuous endothelium of the liver
* Allows direct contact of most blood contents with hepatocyte * Low resistance * Slow blood flow
69
70
Bile flows in the ____ direction from the blood flow
opposite (from bile canaliculi to bile ductule (Hering's Canal))
71
Bile duct of the portal triad receives bile from _____ as they pass out of the classic lobule.
bile ductules
72
Bile canaliculi (red chicken wire) (in iron hematoxylin stain = Ca)
73
The liver, spleen and bone marrow all have which type of capillary?
sinusoidal
74
\_\_\_\_\_ form a delicate connective tissue stroma supporting the hepatocyte.
Reticular fibers
75
Each outside corner of the hexagon is a \_\_\_\_\_, occupied by loose connective tissue extensions from the capsule of the liver.
portal space
76
Portal Triad components (portal triads occupy 3-6 of the lobules portal space)
* Venule * Arteriole * Bile duct * Lymphatic vessel
77
Sinusoids drain into the\_\_\_\_.
central vein
78
\_\_\_\_ occupies the center of the classic lobule
central vein (terminal hepatic venule)
79
portal triad
80
Deliver substructure is described in terms of its function as a\_\_\_\_\_.
bile - secreting exocrine gland
81
82
obstruction of bile flow can lead to \_\_\_\_\_
jaundice
83
what is the most useful liver model physiologically, but the most difficult to define histologically?
liver acinus
84
Liver acinus
* A diamond shaped unit of the liver * Short axis runs between portal triads * long axis runs between two terminal hepatic venules
85
liver acinus zones have implications regarding \_\_\_\_\_.
regeneration following toxic insult or ischemia.
86
Zone 1 of liver acinus
most oxygen-rich first to die; first to regenerate
87
Zone 2 of liver acinus
intermediate zone
88
zone 3 of liver acinus
* closest to central venule * 1st to exhibit necrotic changes and fat accumulation in response to ischemia and hypoxia * last to regenerate; last to die * oxygen-poor
89
Zone 1 functions
* enzmes for glycogen synthesis * glucose storage * produce the most bile * synthesizes most albumin
90
zone 3 has the greatest concentration of enzymes involved in \_\_\_\_.
xenobiotic metabolism (other proteins foreign to the body)
91
centrilobular necrosis
92
kupfer cells
macrophages that reside on the sinusoid endothelial lining
93
Kupfer cell function
* Phagocytize aged red blood cells * Digest hemoglobin * Antigen presentation * Destroy microorganisms
94
Fat storing cells of the liver are also known as
Ito cells
95
Fat - storing cells aka Ito cells
stellate cells in perisinusoidal space (function: store Vit A)
96
Hepatocyte lifespan
5 months (regeneration allows proliferation and restoration of liver architecture)
97
(green box = binucleated hepatocytes)
98
Gallbladder is made of _____ epithelium
Simple columnar
99
Gallbladder histology
* microvilli * junctional complexes * Oval, basal nucleus * High concentration of mitochondria and basal portion of cell
100
Describe the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells of the gallbladder mucosa.
Numerous folds that become distended during water re-absorption and greatly increase the intracellular space
101
Which two common structures of mucosa are missing in the gallbladder?
* Muscularis mucosa * Submucosa
102
Describe the lamina propria of the gallbladder
* Highly vascularized with venous sinuses and fenestrated capillaries * Reabsorb the fluid is carried away by these vessels * Mucous glands
103
Function of gallbladder
* Stores bile * Concentrates bile by reabsorbing water from it * Releases concentrated bile when needed into small intestine
104
Cholecystokinin effect on gallbladder
* Triggers smooth muscle contraction of the gallbladder * Triggered by fats in the small intestine
105
106
Which organ is this taken from?
duodenum
107
Name the structure this was taken from.
stomach transition into the duodenum. Pyloric sphincter can be seen between the two regions.
108
parietal cells look like \_\_\_\_\_.
fried egg
109
mucous & serous cells from the salivary gland
110

Histology - OMS 1 (16 decks)

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