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Histology - OMS 1 > GI Histology > Flashcards

GI Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Taste buds are present on the superior surface of ____papillae and along the wall of the grooves in _____ papillae.

A
  • fungiform
  • circumvallate
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2
Q

Serous glands (Von Ebner’s glands) function:

A

produce secretions that provide a continuous flow to the base of the groove; wash it out and allow a quick response to changing stimuli by the taste buds

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3
Q

Define taste pore

A

A narrow opening in the epithelium covering the apex of the taste bud

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4
Q

The mucosa of the oropharynx is lined by _____ epithelium

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A
  • Adventitia or serosa
  • muscularis externa
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
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7
Q

Three layers of the mucosa

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
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8
Q

mesothelium

A
  • simples squamous epithelium enveloping the CNT
  • represents the outer limit of the serosa
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9
Q

Three layers of esophageal mucosa

A
  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosa
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10
Q

Submucosa of the esophagus is made up of _______ tissue

A

dense fibrous elastic connective

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11
Q

the small mucus secreting glands of the esophagus provide

A

lubrication to move the bolus

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12
Q
A
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What structure is this?

A

the stomach

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15
Q

Chyme

A

Thick, pulpy fluid delivered to the small intestine

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16
Q

Rugae

A

Large longitudinal folds of the mucosa and submucosa (in the empty stomach)

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17
Q

Mucosa of the stomach has _______ epithelium

A

simple columnar

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18
Q

Function of the mucosa of the stomach

A

Secrete a thick insoluble mucus to lubricate and protect

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19
Q

what are the unique characteristics of the muscularis externa of the stomach

A

Middle circular layer of the muscularis externa increases in thickness in the lower portion of the stomach and forms the pyloric sphincter

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20
Q

Describe the unique characteristics of the cardia of the stomach

A

Gastric pits

Gastric glands: enteroendocrine cells, parietal cells

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21
Q

What is the function of the gastric glands of the cardia of the stomach?

A

Secrete mucus and lysozyme

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22
Q

What is the main difference between the gastric pits of the pylorus and the cardia of the stomach?

A

Gastric pits of the pylorus are deeper

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23
Q

Pyloric glands

A

Coiled tubular glands, branched

(similar to the cardiac glands)

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24
Q

The pyloric sphincter is formed from a _____.

A

thickened region of the middle circular layer of the muscularis externa

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25
Q

fundus and body of the stomach have the same _____.

A

type of mucosal glands

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26
Q

Major cell types of gastric glands

A
  • Stem cells
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Parietal cells
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27
Q

Stem cells of the gastric glands May differentiate into ____.

A

Surface mucosa or other gastric gland cells

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28
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete a _____.

A

soluble mucus (different from that of surface mucous cells)

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29
Q

Parietal cells are also known as_____.

A

oxyntic cells

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30
Q

Oxyntic cells (aka parietal cells)

A

Large pyramidal shape cells with a round nucleus

Eosinophilic staining intracellular canaliculi

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31
Q

Intracellular canaliculus of parietal cells (aka oxyntic cells)

A

Semicircular invagination of the cell membrane lined by microvilli

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32
Q

Tubular vascular system of the intracellular canaliculus of parietal cells:

A

Large array of cytoplasmic vesicles adjacent to the canaliculi

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33
Q

Inactive period of the intracellular canaliculus of parietal cells

A
  • Tubular vesicular system is extensive
  • Intracellular canaliculus has relatively few microvilli
34
Q

Active period of the intracellular canaliculus of parietal cells

A

Vesicles of tubular vesicular system are incorporated into the intracellular canaliculus membrane (increasing microvilli and surface area of plasmlema)

35
Q

describe chief cells of the gastric glands

A
  • Basophilic Cytoplasm
  • Clustered at the base of gastric glands
  • Contains zymogen granules
36
Q

Function of Chief cells of the gastric glands

A

Synthesize store and secrete pepsinogen

37
Q

Pepsinogen is synthesized in the _____ and stored in the______.

A
  • RER
  • cytoplasmic granules
38
Q

Pepsin

A

Active proteolytic enzyme

39
Q

How is pepsinogen activated?

A

When exposed to acidic environment of the stomach

40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q
A
43
Q

What are two unique characteristics of enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands?

A
  • Not easily identified under light microscopy
  • Under electron microscopy, dense cytoplasmic granules can be seen (hormone containing)
44
Q

Define diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

A
  • Hormone secreting cells present throughout the epithelial linings of the GI and respiratory tract
  • Enteroendocrine cells are part of the system
45
Q

Gastrin

A

A major hormone produced and secreted by stomach enteroendocrine cells

46
Q

The neck of the gastric gland consists of which cells?

A
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Stem cells
  • Parietal cells
47
Q

Which cells are located at the base of the gastric glands?

A

Chief cells

(some parietal and enteroendocrine cells are also present)

48
Q

Brunner’s glands are located in the _____.

A

Duodenum

49
Q

Plicae circulares

A

Transverse folds of the submucosa

(most are in the jejunum)

50
Q

Intestinal villi are present in the ___ but not the ____.

A
  • ileum
  • colon
51
Q

The duodenum has ____-like of villi and the ileum has ___-like villi

A
  • leaf
  • finger
52
Q

Brush border consists of which two elements?

A
  • Microvilli
  • Glycocalyx
53
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn aka

A

intestinal crypts or glands of the small intestine

54
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn are _____ epithelium.

A

Simple columnar

(located in the mucosa of small intestine)

55
Q

What are the six cell types of the simple columnar epithelium in the crypts of lieberkuhn?

A
  1. Enteroendocrine cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Microfold cells (M cells)
  4. Paneth cells
  5. Regenerative cells
  6. Surface absorptive cells (enterocytes)

(located in the mucosa of the small intestine)

56
Q

Peyer’s patches are located in the _____particularly the____.

A
  • small intestine
  • ileum

(located in the lamina propria of the small intestine)

57
Q

Lacteals of the small intestine

A

Large lymph vessels present in the core of the Villi

(located in the lamina propria of the small intestine)

58
Q

Function of the lacteals

A

Absorbed lipids and cholesterol and package them into chylomicrons

(chylomicrons cannot fit into capillaries but they can enter lacteals easily due to pores in the endothelium and gaps between the endothelial cells)

59
Q

Submucosal glands are located in which areas of the GI tract?

A
  • Esophagus
  • Duodenum

(Brunner’s glands are only in the duodenum)

60
Q

The submucosa of the small intestines consists of which structures?

A
  • Dense fibrous elastic connective tissue
  • Vessels (blood & lymph)
  • Parasympathetic plexus
61
Q

The Brunner’s glands ducts empty into the _____.

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

62
Q

Describe Brunner’s glands

A

Large, branched tubuloalveolar glands with light staining mucus-like secretory portions

63
Q

Major function of Brunner’s glands

A

Secrete mucus secretions to form a protective coat (against acidic chyme)

64
Q

Goblet cells gradually increase towards the _____.

A

Ilium

65
Q

Structure of goblet cells

A
  • Nucleus & other organelles at base of the cell
  • Mucinogens at apical portion
  • Clear standing cytoplasm
  • Staining with PAS
66
Q

M cells AKA microfold cells

A

Specialized cells which lie over the peyer’s patches (aggregations of lymph follicles

67
Q

Major actions of the enteroendocrine cells

A

Pancreatic secretions, gallbladder contraction, stimulation of liver glycogenolysis

68
Q

Structure of m cells

A
  • Present on apical surface
  • Numerous large membrane invaginations on basal surface (With lymphocytes residing below)
69
Q

Structure of paneth cells

A
  • Pyramidal shape
  • Eosinophilic staining
  • Location: base of crypts of lieberkuhn
70
Q

Function of paneth cells

A

Produce lysozyme to control the bacterial Flora

71
Q

describe the stem cells (regenerative cells) of the small intestine mucosa.

A
  • narrow
  • columnar shape
  • basal nucleus
  • located in crypts
72
Q
A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexuses

(regulates smooth muscle activity of muscularis externa)

73
Q
A

myeneric plexus

74
Q

Major functions of the colon

A
  • Absorbs water and ions remaining in chyme
  • Compact the remainder into feces for elimination
75
Q

Describe the glands and cells of the colon

A
  • Long intestinal glands of lieberkuhn
  • Goblet cells
  • Surface absorptive cells

(absorptive cells : goblet cells is 4:1, becomes 1:1 near rectum)

76
Q

Describe the anal canal epithelium

A

Transitions from simple columnar with crypts in the proximal portion → non-keratinized stratified squamous in the distal portion

77
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the large intestine

A

Contains many lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules

78
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the appendix

A

It has inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle but the outer longitudinal becomes taenia coli.

79
Q

Taenia coli

A
  • The outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer in the colon
  • Arranged in three narrow longitudinal ribbons
80
Q

Rectal muscularis externa has continuous ______.

A

outer longitudinal layer

81
Q

The internal anal sphincter is formed by the ___.

A

Inner circular layer of smooth muscle

(the external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle)

82
Q

Describe the mucosal layer of the rectum

A
  • Shorter Crips
  • More goblets

Histology - OMS 1 (16 decks)

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