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Histology - OMS 1 > Female Reproductive Histo > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Female reproductive

A
  • Paired ovaries
  • Paired oviducts
  • uterus
  • vagina
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2
Q

External genitalia

A
  • clitoris
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • mammary glands
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3
Q

The reproductive system remains incompletely developed until ____.

A

GH is released by the anterior pituitary (initiation of puberty)

(cycles become infrequent by 45 to 55 years of age)

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4
Q

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is from day ____to ___.

A

14; 28

(LH, FSH & estrogen fall drastically at day 14, while progesterone picks up and peaks with the endometrial lining)

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5
Q

The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is from the ____ to day ___.

A

End of the menstrual cycle to day 14

(Estrogen, LH and FSH peak right before ovulation on day 14)

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6
Q

List the stages of follicular development from early primary follicle to mature follicle.

A
  • Primordial
  • Early primary follicle
  • Late primary follicle
  • Secondary follicle
  • Mature follicle with oocyte
  • Ruptured follicle, oocyte released
  • Corpus hemorrhagicum
  • Corpus luteum
  • Corpus albicans
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7
Q

Definition & function of mesovarium

A
  • Fold of peritoneum extending from the broad ligament of the uterus
  • holds the ovaries in place
  • Carries blood vessels to the ovaries
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8
Q

Germinal epithelium function & epithelium

A
  • Covers the ovary
  • Layer of low simple cuboidal cells (arising from the peritoneum)
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9
Q

Tunica albuginea tissue and location

A
  • dense, irregular collagenous CNT
  • Deep to germinal epithelium
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10
Q

Ovarian cortex

A

Where in follicles develop

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11
Q

Stromal cells

A

Fibroblasts of the ovarian cortex that synthesize the connective tissue

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12
Q

Ovarian medulla definition & tissue type

A

small central region of the ovary

highly vascularized loose connective tissue

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A

Germinal epithelium with Tunica albuginea beneath and various stages of follicular development

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15
Q

Primary oocytesresult from the_____.

A

final mitotic division of the surviving oogonia (after atresia)

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16
Q

When do primary oocytes begin meiosis?

A

while still in the fetus

(they are arrested in the first meiotic division until puberty)

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17
Q

Primary all sides are contained within follicles until ___.

A

the late graafian follicle stage

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18
Q

Primordial follicles

A
  • Most primitive & most numerous follicle
  • Consists of a primary oocyte, surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicular cells
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19
Q
A

oocyte arrested in prophase of the first meiotic division

(10 to 20 follicles begin the maturation process per menstrual cycle, only one can survive)

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20
Q
A

oocytes surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicle cells. Nucleus is usually in an eccentric position

(x=oocytes in which nucleus is not in plane of section)

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21
Q

What is the histologically distinguishing characteristic of a primary follicle compared to a primordial follicle?

A

Primary follice will have follicular cells surrounding the primary oocyte and they develop into a single layer cuboidal cells

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22
Q

unilaminar primary follicle

A

one layer of cuboidal follicular cells

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23
Q

multilaminar primary follicle

A

primary follicle with 2 or more layers of granulosa cells

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24
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Follicular cells proliferate and form multiple layers around the primary oocyte

(gap junctions between them allow nutrient exchange)

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25
Q

Zona pellucida definition & composition

A
  • Eosiniphilic layer that develops between the oocyte and the follicular cells.
  • Composed of glycoproteins secreted by both follicular cells and oocyte
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26
Q

Microvilli on the oocyte and filopodia of the follicular cells extend into the ____ and form _____.

A
  • zona pellucida
  • gap junctions with one another
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27
Q

Theca folliculi definition & location

A
  • Organized layer of stromal connective tissue
  • Located outside the basil lamina of the primary follicle
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28
Q

Define theca interna

A

Highly vascularized layer of zona pellucida with steroid-secreting cells

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29
Q

Define theca externa

A

Connective tissue layer of the zona pellucida surrounding the theca Interna

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30
Q
A

Primary follicle

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31
Q
A

Late primary follicle

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32
Q

Secondary (antral) follicles

A

Primary follicle continues to develop and move deeper into the stroma

Fluid filled cavities begin to appear between the proliferation granulosa cells.

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33
Q

Proliferation of granulosa cells requires ____secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

FSH

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34
Q

Follicles are considered secondary follicles as soon as _____.

A

Fluid filled cavities begin to appear between the proliferation granulosa cells

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35
Q

Corona radiata location

A

Lies immediately outside the zona pellucida

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36
Q

Define corona radiata

A
  • Single layer of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte
  • developed from cells surrounding the oocyte

(remains with the oocyte at ovulation, unlike other granulosa cells)

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37
Q
A

Secondary follicle

(note the fluid filled antrum)

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38
Q

How is the mature (graafian) follicle formed?

A

Granulosa cells proliferate and liquor folliculi accumulate

(the primary oocyte in the associated corona radiata eventually detach from the Cumulus oophorus and float freely in the liquor folliculi)

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39
Q

Where is the secondary oocyte formed?

A

Within the mature graafian follicle

(first polar body is also formed with the secondary oocyte when the graafian follicle completes the first meiotic division)

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40
Q

Secondary oocyte enters the second meiotic division and is arrested in metaphase until what event?

A

Fertilization

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41
Q

What is the developmental stage of the ovarian follicle at ovulation?

A

Secondary oocyte

(ovulated with corona radiata attached via gap junctions)

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42
Q

The corpus luteum forms from the _____

A

Remnants of the graafian follicle

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43
Q

Which cells become the corona radiata after ovulation?

A

cumulus oophorus (ovulated with secondary oocyte and becomes corona radiata)

44
Q

Ovulation is the result of which hormonally – induced factors?

A
  • Increase volume and pressure from liquor folliculi
  • Enzymatic breakdown of the follicular wall
  • Contraction of smooth muscle at the theca externa
45
Q

Stigma

A

Area on the ovary surface that becomes ischemic due to the pressure of the graphing follicle against the ovarian wall

(becomes necrotic and ruptures)

46
Q

Physiologist referred to the multi laminar primary follicle as ____

A

A secondary follicle

(multilaminar primary is a histology term)

47
Q

Physiologist refer to a secondary follicle as a ____.

A

tertiary follicle

(sencondary follicle is a hisology term)

48
Q

Corpus luteum is formed from ____.

A

remnants of the collapsed graafian follicle following ovulation

49
Q

Define granulosa lutein cells.

A

Steroid-synthesizing cells derived from the granulosa cells.

(comprise 80% of the cells in the corpus luteum. they degenerate if no fertilization occurs)

50
Q

List the hormones synthesized by the granulosa lutein cells.

A
  • progesterone
  • estrogen

(theca lutein & granulosa lutein both secrete progesterone)

51
Q

List the hormones secreted by theca lutein cells

A
  • Progesterone
  • Androgens

(progesterone is secreted by both granulosa and theca lutein cells)

52
Q
A
  • corpus luteum
  • arrows = theca interna (folds)
53
Q
A

TLC = theca lutein cells

GLC = granulosa lutein cells

(note the large spherical nucleus & large amount of cytoplasm in the GLC)

54
Q

During fetal life, the oogonia undergo _____

A

mitosis

(primary oocyte stops at phrophase of meiosis I)

55
Q

If pregancy does not occur the corpus luteum becomes _____

A

corpus albicans

(if it does occur it maintains hormones until placenta develops)

56
Q

What is the effect of FSH on follicle development and ovulation?

A
  • Stimulates development of 10 to 20 primary follicles
  • Follicular cells enlarge and proliferate and form layers of granulosa cells in the multilaminar primary follicle
  • Granulosa cells begin to produce estrogen, secondary follicles develop as a result
57
Q

How is the corpus luteum maintained after ovulation?

A

Due to binding of LH to receptors on the theca interna cells and granulosa cells

58
Q

Effects of progesterone on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

Inhibits LH release

59
Q

Ampulla of oviduct (fallopian tubes) is where ____.

A

fertilization occurs

(2/3 the lenth of the oviduct)

60
Q

Three histological layers of the oviduct

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
61
Q

____ epithelium lines the oviduct.

A

Simple columnar

(consists of two cell types)

62
Q

List the two cell types of the oviduct mucosa

A
  • Ciliated cells
  • Peg cells
63
Q

Function of ciliated cells of the oviduct mucosa

A

Beat and wave the oviduct contents towards the uterus

64
Q

Function of peg cells of the oviduct mucosa

A

Secretions provide nutrients for spermatozoa, oven, and the embryo (if fertilization occurs)

(non-ciliated)

65
Q

What is a unique characteristic of the serosa compared to other structures?

A

No submucosa

66
Q

Describe the endometrium of the uterus.

A
  1. Composed of to columnar cell types (ciliated and non-ciliated)
  2. Lamina propria is a density irregular CNT w/ reticular fibers
  3. Branched tubular glands extend from the epithelium through LP (lined by non-ciliated cells)
67
Q

Myometrium

A
  • thick layer of smooth muscle
  • middle circular layer (highly vascularized) between 2 longitudinal layers.
68
Q

perimetrium

A

outer layer of the body and fundus of uterus (continuous with the abdominal peritoneum)

(has some adventitia as well)

69
Q

name the two zones of the endometrium of the uterus

A
  • functional layer
  • basal layer
70
Q

Functional layer (stratum functionalis)

A
  • sloughed off during menstruation
  • involved in process of degeneration and regeneration of the endometrium
71
Q

Basal layer (stratum basale) of the endometrium.

A
  • retained during menstruation
  • gives rise to the new functional layer for the next menstrual cycle
72
Q

List the three phases that the functional layer of the endometrium undergoes during the menstrual cycle.

A
  1. Menstrual
  2. Proliferative/follicular
  3. Secretory/luteal
73
Q

Menstruation begins at the end of the _____ phase.

A

secretory

(reduced estrogen and progesterone → constriction of spiral arteries → necrosis of functionalis)

74
Q

Why is blood discharge during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Coiled arteries dilate & the damaged ends of the arteries in the functionalist rupture.
  • Blood is just charge to remove portions of the necrotic functional layer.
75
Q

____ is responsible for the marked changes that happened during the proliferative (follicular) phase

A

Increasing levels of estrogen

76
Q

What are the changes that occur in the endometrium during the proliferative phase?

A
  • Stromal cells secrete CNT
  • Straight uterine glands form
  • Incomplete spiral arteries form
77
Q

____ is largely responsible for the changes happening in the endometrium in the secretary/luteal phase.

A

Progesterone

78
Q

List the changes that occur in the endometrium during the secretory/luteal phase.

A
  • Glands become coiled & branched
  • Stroma of functional slayer is edematous
  • Glycogen-rich secretions are developed
  • Spiral arteries fully developed
79
Q

Describe the feedback of estrogen on the pituitary gland.

A
  • negative feedback on FSH
  • positive feedback on LH
80
Q

Primary oocyte completes meiosis I, becomes secondary oocyte upon ovulation and is paused in____.

A

metaphase

81
Q

During the luteal phase estrogen and progesterone produce a negative feedback on ___

A

LH.

(LH is needed to maintain corpus luteum)

82
Q

blue line

yellow line

A

endometrium and myometrium of uterus

83
Q

straight arteries in the endometrium give rise to ____

A

spiral arteries

84
Q

____ phase of menstrual cycle

A

proliferative

(endometrial glands extend to surface)

85
Q

_____ phase of the menstrual cycle

A

secretory

(corkscrew-shaped glands, mucous in the secretory glands indicated by black arrows)

86
Q

______ phase of the menstrual cycle

A

menstrual

(stratum functionalis is necrotic and has been sloughed off)

87
Q

____ phase of menstrual cycle

A

menstrual

88
Q

____ phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

proliferative

(note uterine glands)

89
Q

____ phase of the menstrual cycle

A

secretory (day 24)

(note the shape of glands, secretory contents and the blending of functionalis and basale layers)

90
Q

The glands in the cervix endometrium exhibit which changes during the menstrual cycle?

A

more mucous

91
Q

epithelium at the cervix undergoes an upbrupt transition from ____ epithelium to _____ epithelium at the vagina.

A
  • simple columnar
  • stratified squamous nonkeritinized
92
Q

vagina is lined by _____ epithelium

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

93
Q

what is the mucosa of the vagina missing?

A

glands

94
Q

what is responsible for lubricating the mucosal surface of the vagina?

A

mucous secreted by the cervical galnds

(no glands are present in the mucosa of the vagina)

95
Q
A

stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix

(mature epithelium with clear cytoplasm at the arrowheads, papillae protruding into the bluk of the cervix is dense, fibrous CNT at the arrows)

96
Q
A

simple branched tubular glands of the cervix

(simple columnar)

97
Q
A

human vagina

(muscular layer ill-defined, epithelial CNT boundary is very irregular w/prominent papillae projecting into the underfurface of epithelium)

98
Q

Mammary glands are modified _____ glands.

A

apocrine sweat

99
Q

What is structural classification of the mammary glands?

A

compound tubulo-alveolar

(15-20, each has several lobules)

100
Q

secretory cells release the lipid component of breastmilk as a(n) _____ secretion

A

apocrine

101
Q

Secretory cells release the protein portion of breastmilk as a(n) _____ secretion.

A

merocrine

102
Q

Which hormones inhibit milk production?

A

estrogen and progesterone

(these are reduced after birth to allow for lactation)

103
Q

____ from the pars nervosa initiates the milk ejection reflex.

A

oxytocin

(induces contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli)

104
Q
A

innactive mammary glands

105
Q
A

Histology - OMS 1 (16 decks)

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