Pulmonary Flashcards
probability of pneumonia from chest x-ray infiltrate
PS4 CAT (probability of pneumonia from chest x-ray infiltrate)
Pyrexia (> 37.8) Decreased breath sounds Crackles on auscultation Absence of asthma Tachycardia (HR > 100)
Greater than 4 means 25-50% likelihood of pneumonia
causes of community-acquired pneumonia
Some HCM Raises IMPortant Heart Concerning Practices (causes of community-acquired pneumonia)
Bacterial: Streptococcus pneumonia Haemophilus influenzae Chlamydia pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia
Viral: Respiratory syncytial virus Influenza viruses Metapneumovirus Parainfluenza viruses
Fungal:
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiodes immitis
Pneumocystis jiroveci (immunocompromised)
bacterial causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia
GP from HELL (bacterial causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia)
Gram positive cocci (MSSA, MRSA, S. pneumonia)
Pseudomonas (Gram-negative bacilli) MOST SIGNIFICANT
Haemophilus influenza (Gram-negative coccobacilli)
Enterobacteriacae
Legionella (Gram-negative coccobacilli)
pathogens of nursing home pneumonia)
HIV is A GG, but at least you don’t have CML (pathogens of nursing home pneumonia)
Haemophilus influenza
Influenza Viruses
Anaerobes
Gram-positive cocci
Gram-negative bacilli
S. pneumonia and GNB are most significant causes.
The 3 below are rarely causes of NAP.
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Legionella
prognostic factors of nursing home pneumonia
You need a HD to get into RMH (prognostic factors of nursing home pneumonia)
History of Dementia
RR > 30
Acute Mental state change
HR > 125
Greater than 2 yields a 30% mortality rate.
causes of upper and lower lung fibrosis
CHARTS and COBRAS (causes of upper and lower lung fibrosis)
This mnemonic is for interstitial lung disease, not pulmonary fibrosis. Although pulmonary fibrosis does cause ILD, not all ILD are caused by pulmonary fibrosis.
Additionally, the list is incomplete as it does not include SLE, Sjogren’s as part of the causes.
Idiopathic: 40% Occupational and environmental: 26% Sarcoidosis: 10% Connective tissue disorders: 9% 4 Coal miner’s pneumoconiosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic allergic alveolitis, chronic eosinophilic pneumonitis Histiocytosis 3 Ankylising spondylitis, ABPA, alveolar haemorrhagic syndrome Radiotherapy Tuberculosis 2 Sarcoidosis, silicosis
2 Cryptogenic, other collagen vascular diseases
Other drugs BAM (bleomycin, amiodarone, methotrexate)
Bronchiectasis
Rheumatoid arthritis
3 Asbestosis, acute allergic alveolitis, acute eosinophilic pneumonitis
Sclerosis
sources of PE
FAT FAST (sources of PE)
Fat
Air
Thrombotic MOST IMPORTANT
Foreign body
Amniotic fluid
Septic
Tumour
predisposing factors of PE
TOM SCHREPFER (predisposing factors of PE)
Trauma
Obesity
Malignancy
Surgery Cardiac disease Hospitalisation Rest (bed-bound) Estrogen (OCP, pregnancy, post-partum) Past history of thromboembolism Fracture Elderly Road trip
radiological features of PE
OO HELP (radiological features of PE)
Oligemia of affected lung field
Opacities (wedge shaped – can be of any size and shape)
Hemidiaphragm Elevation
Large Pulmonary artery
Pleural effusion
contents of thoracic effusions
Chest SBP (contents of thoracic effusions)
Chyle
Serous fluid
Blood
Pus
Causes of respiratory failure
Causes of respiratory failure Mnemonic: PC FED BRAHMS P Pneumonia C Cystic fibrosis/Croup F Foreign body E Epiglottitis D Drug ingestion B Bronchiolitis R Raised ICP A Asthma H Head injury M Meningitis/muscle weakness S Severe cardiac failure
Chronic presentations of asthma
Chronic presentations of asthma Mnemonic: CWS C Cough (dry/nocturnal/worse with exercise) W Wheeze S Shortness of breath
Life threatening attack of asthma
Life threatening attack of asthma Mnemonic: CHEST C Cyanosis/Confusion/Coma H Hypotension E Exhaustion S Silent chest T Threatening PEFR <33% predicted in those above 5 years old
Definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Mnemonic: ROAR R Reduced lung compliance O Oedema, non-cardiogenic pulmonary A Acute respiratory failure R Refractory hypoxaemia
Causes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Causes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Mnemonic: ARDS
A Aspiration-gastric/Acute pancreatitis/Amniotic fluid embolus
R Raised ICP/Respiratory tract infection – pneumonia
D DKA/DIC/Drugs
S Sepsis/Shock/Smoke inhalation/Severe burns
