Endocrine

Question 1

side effects of steroids

Answer 1

CUSHINGOID CAMP (side effects of steroids)

Cataracts, glaucoma
Ulcers
Skin: bruising, thinning, striae (BTS – beyond the sword)
Hypertension/ Hirsutism/ Hyperglycemia
Infections
Necrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head
Glycosuria
Osteoporosis, obesity
Immunosuppression
Diabetes

Cushing’s Syndrome
Amyloidosis
Myopathy
Pancreatitis, Gastritis, Oesophagitis

Question 2

features of Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 2

CUSHING (features of Cushing’s syndrome)

4 C’s: central obesity, clavical fat pads, collagen fibre weakness, comedonal (acne)
U: urinary free cortisol and glucose increase
2 S’s: striae, suppressed immunity
7 H’s: hypercortisolism, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hypernatremia, hypercholesterolaemia, hirsuitism, hypokalaemia
I: iatrogenic (increased dose of corticosteroids)
N: non-iatrogenic (neoplasm)
2 G’s: glucose intolerance

Question 3

symptoms of hypercalcaemia – hyperparathyroidism

Answer 3

Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans (symptoms of hypercalcaemia – hyperparathyroidism)

Pain in bones
Renal stones
Pain
Confused state (psychiatric moans, psychological overtones)

Question 4

salient features of DiGeorge’s syndrome

Answer 4

CATCH-22 (salient features of DiGeorge’s syndrome)

Cardiac abnormality (especially Fallot)
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia (↓ T-cells, immunosuppression)
Cleft palate
Hypocalcaemia/hypoparathyroidism

22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Question 5

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 5

Symptoms of hypothyroidism  
Hypothyroidism is 10 times more common in females & occurs mainly in middle life.  
Mnemonic: MOMʼS SO TIRED  
M  	Memory loss  
O  	Obesity  
M 	Malar flush/Menorrhagia  
S  	Slowness  
S  	Skin and hair become dry  
O  	Onset is gradual  
T  	Tired  
I 	Intolerance to cold  
R  	Raised blood pressure  
E  	Energy levels are low  
D  	Depressed

Question 6

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 6

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism  
Mnemonic: SWEATING  
S  	Sweating  
W  	Weight loss  
E  	Emotional lability  
A  	Appetite is increased  
T  	Tremor/Tachycardia due to AF 
I  	Intolerance to heat/Irregular menstruation/Irritability  
N  	Nervousness  
G  	Goitre and Gastrointestinal problems (loose stools/diarrhoea)

Question 7

Causes of Addisonʼs Disease

Answer 7

Causes of Addisonʼs Disease  
Mnemonic: ADDISON  
A  	Autoimmune (90% cases)  
D  	Degenerative (amyloid)  
D  	Drugs (ketoconazole)  
I  	Infections (TB, HIV)  
S  	Secondary (low ACTH); hypopituitarism  
O  	Others – adrenal bleeding  
N  	Neoplasia (secondary carcinoma)

Question 8

Complications of diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

Complications of diabetes mellitus
Mnemonic: KEVINS
K Kidney: Nephropathy
E Eye disease: retinopathy and cataracts
V Vascular: coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease
I Infective: TB, recurrent UTIs
N Neuromuscular; Peripheral neuropathy
S Skin: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, granuloma annulare, diabetic dermopathy