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PHTH 517 > PULMONARY > Flashcards

PULMONARY Flashcards

1
Q

During inspiration the ribs ____ and the diaphragm _____

A

rise

lowers

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2
Q

During expiration the ribs ____ and the diaphragm _____

A

lower

rises

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3
Q

When the diaphragm contracts it…

A

flattens pulling air into lungs

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4
Q

Why does air enter the lungs

A

the diaphragm flattens changing the air pressure in the lungs to be less than that outside

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5
Q

When do you breath out

A

when the air pressure in your lungs is equal to that outside

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6
Q

What are the accessory muscles involves in inspiration

A

SCM
Scalene
External intercostals

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7
Q

What are the accessory muscles involved in expiration

A 
Internal intercostals 
External oblique
Rectus abdominis 
transverse abdominis 
Internal oblique
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8
Q

What is the role of the SCM and Scalenes in breathing

A

when breathing in they move sternum forward and first two ribs up

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9
Q

What is the role of the external intercostal in breathing

A

when they contract they lift the ribs up and out

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10
Q

When do the external intercostals begin to fire more

A

when you need to increase frequency and depth of breathing - gives more thoracic cavity movement

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11
Q

Breathing out is typically a ____ process

A

passive - when the inspiration muscles relax it causes expiration

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12
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume inspired or expired per breath

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13
Q

Average tidal volume for men and women

A

M - 600 mL

W - 500 mL

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14
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum expiration at end of tidal expiration

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15
Q

Average expiratory reserve volume for men and women

A

M - 1200 mL

W - 800 mL

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16
Q

Residual lung volume

A

Volume in lungs after maximal expiration

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17
Q

Average residual lung volume for men and women

A

M - 1200 mL

W - 1000 mL

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18
Q

Inspiration reserve volume

A

Max inspiration at end of tidal inspiration

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19
Q

Average inspiration reserve volume for men and women

A

3000 mL

1900 mL

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20
Q

Functional reserve capacity

A

volume in lungs after tidal expiration

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21
Q

Average functional reserve capacity for men and women

A

2400 mL

1800 mL

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22
Q

Functional vital capacity

A

Max volume expired after max inspiration

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23
Q

Average functional vital capacity for men and women

A

4800 mL

3200 mL

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24
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Max volume inspired following tidal expiration

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25
Q

Average inspiratory for men and women

A

M - 3600 mL

W - 2400 mL

26
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Volume in lungs after max inspiration

27
Q

Average total lung capacity for men and women

A

M - 6000 mL

W - 4200 mL

28
Q

What are 6 factors effecting static lung volumes

A
  • Genetics
  • Sex
  • Height
  • Obesity
  • Chronic disease
  • Aging
29
Q

Does training effect your static lung volume

A

no

30
Q

Does smoking effect you static lung volume?

A

only minimally

31
Q

Why does obesity effect static lung volume

A

fat pushes on lungs preventing full expiration

32
Q

Is dynamic lung volume trainable? what is it dependent on

A

yes! on lifestyle and exercise

33
Q

What is dynamic lung volume

A

Ventilation working dynamically to respond to requirements of the body

34
Q

Dynamic lung volume depends on…

A
  • Volume of air

- Speed of moving the volume of air

35
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The volume of air breathed each minute

36
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

Portion of minute ventilation that mixes with air in the alveolar chambers

37
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation

A

Breathing rate x tidal volume

38
Q

What is typical minute ventilation

A

6L/min

39
Q

What can minute ventilation be increased by

A
  • An increase in the rate
  • An increase in the depth of breathing (tidal volume)
  • Or both
40
Q

how much of tidal volume is alveoli air

A

350 mL

41
Q

how much of tidal volume is anatomical dead space

A

130 mL

42
Q

how much of tidal volume is physiological dead space

A

negligible

43
Q

What is Alveolar ventilation

A

AV = (TV - dead space) x breathing frequency

44
Q

Minute ventilation is happening at the ___

A

mouth

45
Q

Does minute ventilation equal alveolar ventilation?

A

no - hardly ever

46
Q

____ increases alveolar ventilation

A

deep breathing

47
Q

Why can you pass out from shallow breathing

A

because you have low alveolar ventilation, you are only breathing in the dead space

48
Q

The anatomical dead space is in _____

A

in the bronchioles

49
Q

The physiological dead space is in ____

A

the alveoli

50
Q

What is ventilation perfusion matching

A

matching up the alveoli with air and the blood supply

51
Q

How can you modify blood supply to alveoli

A

body position - utilize gravity

52
Q

What is the goal of breathing during exercise

A

to match minute ventilation with exercise intensity to maintain alveolar ventilation

53
Q

how does the body match minute ventilation with exercise intensity in order to maintain alveolar ventilation

A

Increase depth of breathing (TV) and frequency

54
Q

Does the body change tidal volume or breathing frequency first to meet the demands of exercise

A

tidal volume first

55
Q

you can increase tidal volume to ___ of your total lung capacity

A

60%

56
Q

What occurs during exercise when you start to max out your tidal volume

A

you increase breathing frequency

57
Q

What might limit the amount you can increase you tidal volume (pathology)

A

if you have a chronic condition which prevents how much you can expire

58
Q

What is maximum minute ventilation at rest

A

Breathing rate x tidal volume = ~6L/min

59
Q

What is maximal voluntary ventilation

A

volume breathed for 1 minute

60
Q

What is maximal voluntary ventilation in men? women? highly trained men?

A

M - 140-180 L/min
W - 80-120 L/min
HT >200 L/min

61
Q

What is the breathing frequency of a healthy young adult ? elite athlete?

A

35-45 breaths/min? check this

60-70 breaths/min

PHTH 517 (10 decks)

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