BIOMECHANICS 1

Question 1

Biomechanics

Answer 1

The use of math and physical principles to study and understand movement

Question 2

Kinematics

Answer 2

The study of movement without regard to the forces that cause that movement
i.e. How far, how much, how fast

Question 3

Kinetics

Answer 3

The study of forces causing a movement i.e. muscle forces, gravity

Question 4

Movement is in ____ and about _____

Answer 4

a plane of motion and about an axis of motion

Question 5

Which movements take place about the anteroposterior axis

Answer 5

abduction/adduction

Question 6

Which movements take place about the mediolateral axis?

Answer 6

Flexion extension

Question 7

Which movements take place about the longitudinal axis

Answer 7

Rotation
Supination
Pronation

Question 8

Which axis of rotation corresponds with the frontal plane of motion

Answer 8

Anteroposterior

Question 9

Which axis of rotation corresponds with the sagittal plane of motion

Answer 9

Mediolateral

Question 10

Which axis of rotation corresponds with the transverse plane of motion

Answer 10

longitudinal

Question 11

Newtons 3 laws?

Answer 11

1. motion stays in motion unless an unbalanced, external force is applied to it
2. F = ma
3. For every action there is an reaction of equal magnitude and opposite in direction

Question 12

Arthrokinematics

Answer 12

movement between joint surfaces

Question 13

Osteokinematics

Answer 13

movement between bones

Question 14

Kinematic chain

Answer 14

linkage of rigid bodies

Question 15

Why is closed chain greater risk of injury

Answer 15

• because of degrees of freedom

- Closed chain removes degrees of freedom making it harder to change positions

Question 16

A force is any..

Answer 16

push or pull

Question 17

How much an object deforms is relative to..

Answer 17

how much stress or force is put on it

Question 18

Stress =

Answer 18

force

Question 19

Strain =

Answer 19

length

Question 20

What changes a stress straiin curve

Answer 20

different material properties

Question 21

What occurs in the plastic zone of the stress strain relationship

Answer 21

You get disproportionate change in length for given change in force - greater change in length for given force

Question 22

What does the slope of the stress strain curve represent

Answer 22

stiffness

Question 23

In the envelope of function what are the 3 zones and the x and y axis

Answer 23

x - frequency 
y - load 
Zones: 
1. Homeostasis (ADLs) 
2. Supraphysiological overload 
3. Structural failure

Question 24

Overstepping you maximum capacity to adapt will result in…

Answer 24

1. pain during your effort
2. pain after
3. morning stiffness

Question 25

IN the body, do different tissue types have different stress strain responses

Answer 25

yes - 3 different reactions to same strain

Question 26

what are some reasons the same tissue type undergoing the same stress may tear in different situations

Answer 26

- Temperature - Fatigue - Direction of force - Previous injury or microtears - Warm-up - Age

Question 27

How does emphysema relate to the stress strain relationship

Answer 27

emphysema - lung tissue no functioning as it should. for a given force the lungs of healthy patients stretch more than those of patients with emphysema. Greater energy expenditure to get the same stretch

Question 28

When does isometric contractions occur

Answer 28

when force is generated by the muscle but is equivalent to external resistance Force = resistance or equal moments

Question 29

The relationship between ____ and ____ will dictate the resultant linear/angular motion of a segment

Answer 29

internal forces/moments and external forces/moments

Question 30

are all muscles always acting throughout the whole movment

Answer 30

no may contract eccentrically, concentrically or not at all

Question 31

What are external forces

Answer 31

forces acting outside the body

Question 32

What is a moment

Answer 32

the angular equivalent of force - any push or pull that makes a rotational force

Question 33

equation for moment

Answer 33

M = f x d

Question 34

What is the moment arm

Answer 34

the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force application to the axis of rotation

Question 35

Moments cause ____ rotation due to ____ force production when one end of a linkage is fixed

Answer 35

angular | linear

Question 36

What are the two types of linear forces (that we are concerned of in this class)

Answer 36

Shear force | Compression force

Question 37

Shear force occurs ___ to segment

Answer 37

perpendicular

Question 38

Compression forces occurs ____ to segment

Answer 38

parallel

Question 39

What is newtons second law of angular motion - include equation

Answer 39

An object of inertia will angularly accelerate proportional to the Moment applied to it, and inversely to its inertia Sum(F x d) = I x a

Question 40

Inertia is ..

Answer 40

the angular component of mass

Question 41

Biomechanically, the magnitude of the moment is mainly dependent upon the...

Answer 41

joint angle

Question 42

The joint angle changes two things

Answer 42

effect on moment arm | effect on force generation (actin myosin overlap)

Question 43

1st class level

Answer 43

Muscle force and resistance force act on opposite sides of the axis

Question 44

What is an example of a first class lever

Answer 44

occipital condyles in head

Question 45

2nd class lever

Answer 45

Resistance force is between the muscle force and the axis

Question 46

What is an example of a 2nd class lever

Answer 46

metatarsal joint

Question 47

3rd class lever

Answer 47

Muscle force is between the axis of rotation and the resistance force

Question 48

example of 3rd class lever

Answer 48

elbow

Question 49

Most anatomical levers are ___

Answer 49

3rd class levers

Question 50

What is mechanical advantage

Answer 50

the ratio of the muscle moment arm to the resistance moment arm

Question 51

What is the equation for Mechanical advantage

Answer 51

MA = moment arm muscle/moment arm resistance