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PHTH 517 > NORMAL GAIT > Flashcards

NORMAL GAIT Flashcards

1
Q

4 challenges to maintaining normal gait

A
  1. maintaining upright posture
  2. Maintaining equilibrium
  3. Control of foot trajectory and ground clearance
  4. Control of multiple body segments
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2
Q

Gravity tends to produce ____

A

flexion

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3
Q

What do you need to overcome the pull of gravity and maintain upright posture

A
  • Muscles work required to counteract the effects of gravity
  • Joint stability
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4
Q

What are the requirements to maintain equilibrium

A
  • Coordinated and sufficient neuromuscular responses

- Adaptability

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5
Q

What are the requirements for control of foot trajectory and ground clearance

A

Proprioception
Intact tactile sensation
Dorsiflexion
Compensation

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6
Q

Minimum toe clearance

A

1.5cm

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7
Q

what two things reduce toe clearance

A

aging

dual tasking

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8
Q

What are the requirements for control of multiple body segments

A
  • Proprioception/kinesthesia

- Adequate neuromuscular coordination

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9
Q

what are the 4 phases of gait

A
  • Initial contact
  • Stance phase
  • Toe off
  • Swing phase
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10
Q

What is initial contact

A

The instant at which any part of the foot first touches the ground

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11
Q

What is the stance phase

A

the period in which the foot is in contact with the ground 60%

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12
Q

What is toe off

A

the instant in which the entire foot is no longer in contact with the ground

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13
Q

What is swing phase

A

the period in which the foot is not in contact with the ground 40%

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14
Q

What is a gait cycle

A

contact to subsequent contact of the same limb

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15
Q

What is stride

A

the initial contact to subsequent initial contact of same limb - the distance covered in one gait cycle

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16
Q

What is step

A

Initial contact of one limb to initial contact of the contralateral limb

17
Q

What occurs to step length and stride length if you have a unilateral impairemtn

A

decrease in step length of the effected side (they want to weight bear on it the least) so they quickly get back on good limb
Stride length stays the same because it is sum of the two - evens out

18
Q

what are the 3 main tasks during gait

A
  1. weight acceptance
  2. maintenance of stability during single leg support
  3. Limb advancement
19
Q

Which tasks of gait are in stance phase? which are in swing phase?

A

Stance - Weight acceptance and single limb support

Swing - Limb advancement

20
Q

What are the objectives of weight acceptance

A
  • Shock absorption
  • Stability
  • Preservation of forward progress
21
Q

What is the most important aspect of pathological gait

A

Single limb support

22
Q

What are the objectives of single limb support

A
  • Progression over stationary foot

- Limb and trunk stability

23
Q

What are the objectives of limb advancement phase

A
  • Foot clearance over the floor
  • Advancement of limb from trailing position
  • Preparation for stance
24
Q

What are the 7 periods of gait

A
  • weight acceptance
  • mid stance
  • terminal stance
  • pre swing
  • initial swing
  • mid swing
  • terminal swing
25
Q

What is average stride length? step length?

A
  1. 4 m

0. 7 m

26
Q

What is average cadence? velocity?

A

110 steps/min

1.3 m/s

27
Q

What is cadence

A

total number of steps in a given time

28
Q

What is the equation for velocity

A

V = d/t = cadence

29
Q

3 reasons why cadence is lower in older population

A
  • stiffer - less ROM
  • balance
  • muscle weakness
30
Q

Elderlly have a reduced ____ phase

A

swing phase

want both feet to be on the ground for longer

31
Q

What is the typical vertical oscillation during gait? medial lateral movement?

A

4 cm

2-3 cm

32
Q

what is the main movement of the ankle

A

Strong plantarflexion at toe-off

33
Q

What is the role of the strong plantar flexion seen at toe-off

A

to provide momentum necessary to produce limb clearance

34
Q

Dorsiflexion during stance is ____

A

passive

35
Q

What has the largest ROM of any lower limb joint during gait

A

knee

36
Q

What are the 2 main periods of flexion in gait

A
  • weight acceptance

- foot clearance and preparation for heelstrike

37
Q

Hip remains ____ for the majority of gait

A

flexed

38
Q

What are the 2 major movements at the hip during gait

A
  1. stance phase extension

2. Swing phase flexion

39
Q

The efficiency of gait is dependent on…

A

timely coordination response of muscles, joints, segments, nerves, systems

PHTH 517 (10 decks)

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