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PHTH 517 > Energy Systems > Flashcards

Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a substrate

A

Fuel substance acted on by enzymes

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2
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

A sequence of enzyme mediated chemical reactions resulting in a specific product

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3
Q

Energy currency in the body is ____

A

ATP

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4
Q

What are 3 types of work ATP does

A

mechanical
Chemical
Transport

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5
Q

ATP is a ____ currency

A

limited

Cells contain only a small amount

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6
Q

What does the imbalance between ATP:ADP stimulate

A

the breakdown of other stored energy containing compounds to resynthesize ATP

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7
Q

What is the immediate energy system

A

ATP_PCr

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8
Q

What is short-term energy system

A

The Lactic acid system
Rapid Glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis

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9
Q

What is glycogen

A

stored form of carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules linked chemically

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10
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Process by which store glycogen is broke down to produce glucose

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11
Q

What is glycolysis

A

energy pathway responsible for initial catabolism of glucose, with pyruvate or lactate as end product

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12
Q

What is the long term energy system

A

Aerobic system

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13
Q

What are the macronutrient fuel sources from liver

A

Glycogen - converted to glucose

Deaminated amino acids

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14
Q

What are the macronutrient fuel sources from muscle

A
  • ATP
  • PCr
  • Triacylglycerols
  • Glycogen
  • Carbon skeletons
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15
Q

What are the macronutrient fuel sources from adipose tissue

A
  • Triacylglycerols

- Fatty acids

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16
Q

Where is the cell is energy produced

A
  • Cytosol

- Mitochondria

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17
Q

What type of energy production takes place in the cytosol

A

anaerobic

- Glycolysis

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18
Q

What type of energy production takes place in the mitochondria

A

Aerobically

- Citric acid cycle

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19
Q

What energy sources are used in anaerobic (cytosol) energy production

A
  • Phosphocreatine
  • Glucose/glycogen
  • Glycerol
  • Some deaminated amino acids
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20
Q

What energy sources are used in aerobic (mitochondria) energy production

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Pyruvate from glucose
  • Some deaminated amino acids
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21
Q

What is the ATP-PCr system limited by

A
  • Short lived
  • Relies on ATP and PCr that is stored intramuscularly
  • Limited and easily exhausted
  • Limited trainability
  • ATP and PCr storage is genetically determined
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22
Q

What is the anearobic glycolysis system limited by

A
  • Require NAD+ to transport H+ to electron transport chain

- Without NAD+ you develop lactate

23
Q

Is the anaerobic glycolysis system trainable?

A

Yes - High trainability

24
Q

What are the limiting factors of the aerobic system

A
  • Requires oxygen and acetyl CoA
  • ## Takes longer to get started
25
Q

Does the aerobic system have lots of trainabilty

A

yes - come from cardiovascular adaptations

26
Q

Do energy systems have clear on and off switches?

A

no

27
Q

What determine the energy system and metabolic mixture used during exercise

A

Intensity and duration

28
Q

ATP must be replenished continually through either ___ or ____

A

glycolysis or aerobic breakdown of carbs, fats, and protein

29
Q

Is there a limit to steady rate aerobic metabolism

A

could theoretically progress indefinitely, assuming it is primarily reliant on aerobic energy system

30
Q

If steady state aerobic metabolism could continue forever, what are the limitations that stop us?

A
  • Fluid loss and electrolyte depletion

- maintaining adequate reserves of both liver glycogen for CNS function and muscle glycogen for power exercise

31
Q

What does differentiates steady rate aerobic metabolisms (trained vs. untrained)

A
  • Central circulation to deliver O to working muscles

- High capacity of the exercised muscles to use available oxygen

32
Q

Does blood lactate accumulate at all level of exercise

A

no - during light to moderate exercise blood lactate production = rate of disappearance

33
Q

When do blood and muscle lactate levels increase

A

When ATP formation fails to keep pace with its rate of use

When the electron transport chain cannot process all the hydrogen being produced

34
Q

how is lactate threshold measured

A

using finger prick

35
Q

If you are working at an exercise intensity below lactate threshold…

A

you can continue with that intensity of exercise for longer periods of time

36
Q

Exercise training should …

A

analyze an activity for its specific energy components (train the right system!)

37
Q

What are you really testing when looking at aerobic exercise capacity

A

oxygen transport and utilization system

38
Q

What are 2 ways of measuring aerobic exercise capacity

A
  • maximal oxygen uptake with a graded maximal exercise test

- Performance on a time trial - very function test, highly dependent on lactate threshold

39
Q

What are you measuring when looking at VO2max

A

the maximum volume of oxygen that the cells of the body can remove from the bloodstream in one minute to produce work

40
Q

What are the units for relative VO2max

A

expressed in mL/kg/min

41
Q

What are the units for absolute

A

L/min

42
Q

What are the approximate ranges for a very poor VO2max (men and women)

A

M - 29-37 mL/kg/min

W - 21-25 mL/kg/min

43
Q

What are the approximate ranges for a fair VO2max (men and women)

A

M - 45-49 mL/kg/min

W - 31-34 mL/kg/min

44
Q

What are the approximate ranges for a superior VO2max (men and women)

A

M - 65+ mL/kg/min

W - 50+ mL/kg/min

45
Q

What are 7 factors affecting VO2max

A
  • heredity
  • gender
  • training state
  • body composition
  • age
  • exercise mode
  • Clinical limitations
46
Q

What is the VO2max needed for independent function

A

12-15 ml/kg/min

47
Q

7ml/kg/min VO2max is required for…

  1. 5…?
  2. …?
  3. 5…?
A

Standing and transferring to chair
Self care, walking in room
Walking 2mph in hallway
Climbing flight of stairs

48
Q

How do you measure short-term energy exercise capacity

A
  • Test brief, intense exercise that exceeds ability to perform purely aerobically
  • measure lactate accumulation or peak power
49
Q

The wingate test measures

A

short -term energy system

50
Q

what is the capacity of your short term energy system affected by

A
  • training
  • buffering capacity
  • motivation
51
Q

T/F lactate production and accumulation accelerate as exercise intensity decreases

A

false

52
Q

T/F the immediate energy system uses ATP and PCr released from the livern

A

false

53
Q

bonking or hitting the wall is a sensation endurance athletes can experience that most often crresponds to the depletion of..

A

glycogen/glucose

PHTH 517 (10 decks)

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