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PHTH 517 > Energy Systems > Flashcards

Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a substrate

A

Fuel substance acted on by enzymes

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2
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

A sequence of enzyme mediated chemical reactions resulting in a specific product

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3
Q

Energy currency in the body is ____

A

ATP

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4
Q

What are 3 types of work ATP does

A

mechanical
Chemical
Transport

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5
Q

ATP is a ____ currency

A

limited

Cells contain only a small amount

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6
Q

What does the imbalance between ATP:ADP stimulate

A

the breakdown of other stored energy containing compounds to resynthesize ATP

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7
Q

What is the immediate energy system

A

ATP_PCr

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8
Q

What is short-term energy system

A

The Lactic acid system
Rapid Glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis

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9
Q

What is glycogen

A

stored form of carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules linked chemically

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10
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Process by which store glycogen is broke down to produce glucose

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11
Q

What is glycolysis

A

energy pathway responsible for initial catabolism of glucose, with pyruvate or lactate as end product

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12
Q

What is the long term energy system

A

Aerobic system

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13
Q

What are the macronutrient fuel sources from liver

A

Glycogen - converted to glucose

Deaminated amino acids

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14
Q

What are the macronutrient fuel sources from muscle

A
  • ATP
  • PCr
  • Triacylglycerols
  • Glycogen
  • Carbon skeletons
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15
Q

What are the macronutrient fuel sources from adipose tissue

A
  • Triacylglycerols

- Fatty acids

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16
Q

Where is the cell is energy produced

A
  • Cytosol

- Mitochondria

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17
Q

What type of energy production takes place in the cytosol

A

anaerobic

- Glycolysis

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18
Q

What type of energy production takes place in the mitochondria

A

Aerobically

- Citric acid cycle

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19
Q

What energy sources are used in anaerobic (cytosol) energy production

A
  • Phosphocreatine
  • Glucose/glycogen
  • Glycerol
  • Some deaminated amino acids
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20
Q

What energy sources are used in aerobic (mitochondria) energy production

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Pyruvate from glucose
  • Some deaminated amino acids
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21
Q

What is the ATP-PCr system limited by

A
  • Short lived
  • Relies on ATP and PCr that is stored intramuscularly
  • Limited and easily exhausted
  • Limited trainability
  • ATP and PCr storage is genetically determined
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22
Q

What is the anearobic glycolysis system limited by

A
  • Require NAD+ to transport H+ to electron transport chain

- Without NAD+ you develop lactate

23
Q

Is the anaerobic glycolysis system trainable?

A

Yes - High trainability

24
Q

What are the limiting factors of the aerobic system

A
  • Requires oxygen and acetyl CoA
  • ## Takes longer to get started
25
Does the aerobic system have lots of trainabilty
yes - come from cardiovascular adaptations
26
Do energy systems have clear on and off switches?
no
27
What determine the energy system and metabolic mixture used during exercise
Intensity and duration
28
ATP must be replenished continually through either ___ or ____
glycolysis or aerobic breakdown of carbs, fats, and protein
29
Is there a limit to steady rate aerobic metabolism
could theoretically progress indefinitely, assuming it is primarily reliant on aerobic energy system
30
If steady state aerobic metabolism could continue forever, what are the limitations that stop us?
- Fluid loss and electrolyte depletion | - maintaining adequate reserves of both liver glycogen for CNS function and muscle glycogen for power exercise
31
What does differentiates steady rate aerobic metabolisms (trained vs. untrained)
- Central circulation to deliver O to working muscles | - High capacity of the exercised muscles to use available oxygen
32
Does blood lactate accumulate at all level of exercise
no - during light to moderate exercise blood lactate production = rate of disappearance
33
When do blood and muscle lactate levels increase
When ATP formation fails to keep pace with its rate of use | When the electron transport chain cannot process all the hydrogen being produced
34
how is lactate threshold measured
using finger prick
35
If you are working at an exercise intensity below lactate threshold...
you can continue with that intensity of exercise for longer periods of time
36
Exercise training should ...
analyze an activity for its specific energy components (train the right system!)
37
What are you really testing when looking at aerobic exercise capacity
oxygen transport and utilization system
38
What are 2 ways of measuring aerobic exercise capacity
- maximal oxygen uptake with a graded maximal exercise test | - Performance on a time trial - very function test, highly dependent on lactate threshold
39
What are you measuring when looking at VO2max
the maximum volume of oxygen that the cells of the body can remove from the bloodstream in one minute to produce work
40
What are the units for relative VO2max
expressed in mL/kg/min
41
What are the units for absolute
L/min
42
What are the approximate ranges for a very poor VO2max (men and women)
M - 29-37 mL/kg/min | W - 21-25 mL/kg/min
43
What are the approximate ranges for a fair VO2max (men and women)
M - 45-49 mL/kg/min | W - 31-34 mL/kg/min
44
What are the approximate ranges for a superior VO2max (men and women)
M - 65+ mL/kg/min | W - 50+ mL/kg/min
45
What are 7 factors affecting VO2max
- heredity - gender - training state - body composition - age - exercise mode - Clinical limitations
46
What is the VO2max needed for independent function
12-15 ml/kg/min
47
7ml/kg/min VO2max is required for... 10. 5...? 14. ...? 17. 5...?
Standing and transferring to chair Self care, walking in room Walking 2mph in hallway Climbing flight of stairs
48
How do you measure short-term energy exercise capacity
- Test brief, intense exercise that exceeds ability to perform purely aerobically - measure lactate accumulation or peak power
49
The wingate test measures
short -term energy system
50
what is the capacity of your short term energy system affected by
- training - buffering capacity - motivation
51
T/F lactate production and accumulation accelerate as exercise intensity decreases
false
52
T/F the immediate energy system uses ATP and PCr released from the livern
false
53
bonking or hitting the wall is a sensation endurance athletes can experience that most often crresponds to the depletion of..
glycogen/glucose

PHTH 517 (10 decks)

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