PUGAD BIOCHEM Flashcards
Has a polar, uncharged R group
Cysteine
Has a nonpolar R group
Valine
Has a nonpolar R group
Alanine
Has a negatively charge R group
Aspartic acid / Aspartate
The naturally occurring tranquilizer of the body is derived from this amino acid
Glutamic acid
Is the form of a molecule that has an equal number of positive and negative charges and thus is electrically neutral
Isoelectric species
Is the amino acid arrangement maintained by peptide bonds
Primary level
Are maintained by hydrogen bonds between at groups and other special bonds such as the disulfide bridge between cysteine
Tertiary and quarternary level
Are the two most commonly seen secondary level structures.
Alpha helix and beta helix
The stability of it arises primarily from hydrogen bonds formed between the oxygen of the peptide bond carbonyl and the hydrogen atom of the peptide bond nitrogen of the fourth residue down the polypeptide chain
Sheets derive much of their stability from hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and amide hydrogen of peptide bonds
Alpha helix
The most visible effect of denaturation on proteins
Decreased solubility
Separates compounds based on their chemical properties and by extension their solubility
Paper chromatography
Separates on the basis of size
Gel-infiltration chromatography
Separates on the basis of their net charge
Ion-exchange chromatography
Takes advantage of the high affinity of many proteins for specific chemical groups
Affinity chromatography
This could be a limiting amino acid in an incomplete protein
Tryptophan
Oxidative deamination refers to the removal of an amine group.
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Catalyzes the reaction of glutamate and NH4+ to glutamine in the mitochondria
Glutamine synthetase
Catalyzes the reaction of glutamine to glutamate and NH4+
Glutaminase
L-amino acid oxidase is a class of oxidoreductase that reacts an L-amino acid to its 2-oxo form and NH4+
L-amino acid oxidase
Is found as a dimer in secretions mainly found on the surface of epithelial cells
IgA
Is a B-cell receptor associated with normal B cell development
IgD
Efficiently opsonizes pathogen for engulfment by phagocytes and activates the complement system
IgG
The first antibody in development and response because it is produced before B cells have undergone somatic hypermutation
IgM
Is bound by receptors on mast cells, causing antigen binding to release powerful chemical mediators involved in allergic responses
IgE
Classical pathway of complement activation
Is not specific to any one pathogen but rather constitutes a first line of defense
Innate immunity
This pathway can convert glucose to ascorbic acid
Catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucuronic acid to ascorbic acid
Glucuronic acid/uronic pathway
Also known as the glycolysis pathway
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
A process that generates NADPH and penthouses
Pentose phosphate pathway / phosphogluconate
Is also known as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D because it has two hydroxy groups on carbon 1 and 25 by the enzyme calciol-25-hydroxylase in the liver and calcidiol-1-hydroxylase in the kidney
Activated VITAMIN D
Induces squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium
Deficiency of vitamin A (retinoic acid)
This is a test for folic acid deficiency
Histidine load test
This vitamin functions as coenzyme in the major anaplerotic reaction of the body
Is a coenzyme active when covalently attached to a carboxylase, participating in carboxylation reactions
Biotin
Is the addition of a carboxylic acid group to a substrate such as in the formation of oxaloacetate by the carboxylation of pyruvate, catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase
Carboxylation
Are those that form intermediates of metabolic pathway
Anaplerotic reactions
Has been shown to correlate the iron absorption
Vitamin B6 / Pyridoxine deficiency
