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PEARLS PEARLS PEARLS 📌📌 > Patho > Flashcards

Patho Flashcards

0
Q

Reduction in number of neutrophils in blood

A

Neutropenia

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1
Q

Abnormally low white cell count

A

Leukopenia

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2
Q

Clinically significant reduction in neutrophils wherein serious consequence of making individuals susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections

A

Agranulocytosis

SE: drugs of hyperthyroidism

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3
Q

Increase in number of white cells in blood

A

Leukocytosis

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4
Q

Inflammation of lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

- most common TB

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5
Q

Neoplasms in bone marrow in which tumor cells are found in the peripheral blood

A

Leukemia

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6
Q

Malignant transformation of lymphoid cells residing primarily in lymphoid tissues, especially in the lymph nodes

A

Lymphoma

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7
Q

Low platelet, leukopenia, anemia

A

Pancytopenia

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8
Q

Characterized by increased marrow production of red cells, granulocytes, and platelets

A

Panmyelosis

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9
Q

ELEVATED PLATELET COUNT

A

Thrombocytosis (Iron Deficiency Anemia)

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10
Q

Platelet < 150,000

A

Thrombocytopenia

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11
Q

Increase in WBC count with left shift (eg, 80% bands) and high leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

A

Leukemoid reaction

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12
Q

Solid focus of leukemia outside the bone marrow

A

Chloroma

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13
Q

How do you differentiate leukemoid reaction from CML?

A

Leukemoid reaction has high leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. CML has very low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

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14
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Neutropenia

Lymphocytes

Eosinophils

Monocytes

Basophils

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15
Q

MI
Stroke
Fracture

A

Neutropenia

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16
Q

Viral infections

A

Lymphocytes

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17
Q 
Allergic reaction
Neoplasms
Collagen vascular disease
Asthma
Allergic
Parasites
A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

Chronic infections

A

Monocytes

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19
Q

CML

Mast cell degranulation

A

Basophils

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20
Q

Abnormal azurophilic (primary) granules

Toxic granules

A

Severe infection / Sepsis

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21
Q

Patches of dilated ER that appear as sky-blue cytoplasmic puddles

DOHLE BODIES

A

Severe infections

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22
Q

Distinctive needle-like azurophilic granules found in myeloblasts

AUER RODS

A

AML

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23
Q

Scattered macrophage with abundant wrinkled green blue cytoplasm

Sea-blue histiocytes

A

CML

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24
Q

Small lymphocytes disrupted in the process of making smears

SMUDGE CELLS

A

CLL

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25
Q

Large cells with multiple nuclei or single nucleus with multiple nuclear lobes (owl eyes)

REED-STERNBERG CELLS

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

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26
Q

Nuclear remnants are phagocytosed by interspersed macrophages (Burkitt cells) with abundant clear cytoplasm (lipid droplets)

STARRY SKY PATTERN

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

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27
Q

Cells found in adult T-cell lymphoma which appear to have multilobated nuclei

CLOVER LEAF or FLOWER CELLS

A

Adult T-cell lymphoma

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28
Q

Destructive plasma cells tumors involving axial skeleton

PLASMACYTOMA

A

Multiple myeloma

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29
Q

Multiple nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and cytoplasmic droplets containing Ig

Bizarre multinucleated cells

A

Multiple myeloma

  • anemia
  • renal failure
  • bone pain
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30
Q

Fiery red cytoplasm

FLAME CELLS

A

Multiple myeloma

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31
Q

Pink globular cytoplasmic inclusions

RUSSELL BODIES

A

Multiple myeloma

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32
Q

Blue globular nuclear inclusions

DUTCHER BODIES

A

Multiple myeloma

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33
Q

M proteins causes RBCs in PBS to stick in linear arrays “coin stacked”

ROULEAUX CONFORMATION

A

Multiple myeloma

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34
Q

Erythroblasts with iron-laden mitochondria visible as perinuclear granules

Ringed Sideroblasts

A 
Sideroblastic anemia
INH, lead, copper poisoning
Multiple myeloma
RA
B6 deficiency
35
Q

Neutrophils with only two nuclear lobes

PSEUDO-PELGER-HUET CELLS

A

MDS

36
Q

Megakaryocytes with single nuclear lobes or multiple separate nuclei

PAWN BALL MEGAKARYOCYTES

A

MDS

37
Q

Premature release of nucleated erythroid and early granulocyte progenitors

Leukoerythroblastosis

A

Primary Myelofibrosis

38
Q

Cells that were probably damaged during the birthing process in the fibrotic marrow

TEARDROP CELLS or DACRYOCYTES

A

Primary Myelofibrosis

39
Q

Pentalaminar tubules, often with a dilated terminal end (tennis racket-like appearance)

BIRBECK GRANULES

A

Langerhans cells histiocytes

40
Q

Small yellow-brown, brown or rust-colored foci in the spleen

GANDY-GAMMA NODULES

A

Splenic congestion

41
Q

Condition that is caused by accumulation of microbes, cell debris and foreign material

A

Acute lymphadenitis

42
Q

Non-tender swelling of lymph nodes which contains zones of proliferating blast-like B cell, B cells with cleaved/irregular nuclear contours and phagocytic macrophages containing the nuclear debris of B cells

A

Follicular Hyperplasia (Zone of Proliferation-B cells)

43
Q

Non-tender swelling of lymph nodes which is usually due to EBV infection and some drugs such as phenytoin

A

Paracortical hyperplasia (T-cell proliferation)

44
Q

Non-tender swelling of lymph nodes which is usually seen in breast cancers

A

Sinus Histiocytosis (monocytic proliferation)

45
Q

9 year old male presents with fever without any sign of infection. On PE, note of mediastinal mass. BMA revealed hypercellular marrow packed with lymphoblasts

A

ALL

<13 years

46
Q

Most common WBC malignancy in children
Has the best diagnosis
Most responsive to CHEMOTHERAPY
DOC: ASPARAGINASE

A

ALL

47
Q

BMA showing hypercellular marrow packed with myeloblasts and AUER RODS

A

AML

13-40 yo

48
Q 
Has three phases
Philadelphia chromosome
Leukocytosis
Low alkaline phosphatase 
Sea-Blue histiocytes
A

CML

40-60 yo

Tx: IMATINIB

49
Q

Most common leukemia of adults and the elderly PBS shows smudge cells and nucleated red blood cells

A

CLL

> 60

50
Q

Mature B-cell tumor in the elderly where cells have fine hairlike projections (hairy cells)

A

Hairy cell leukemia

51
Q

Most common type: lacunar variant RS cells : nodular sclerosis

Lymphocytes make up the vast majority of cellular infiltrate: MONONUCLEAR variant RS cells : LYMPHOCYTE RICH

Worst prognosis: lymphocyte depleted

BEST PROGNOSIS: lymphocyte rich

Relatively good prognosis: contains popcorn cells: lymphocyte predominant

Most commonly associated with EBV: Lymphocyte depleted

Has the highest count of Reed Sternberg cells: Mixed cellularity

Correlates with good prognosis in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Lymphocytes in background

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

52
Q

Most common form of NHL: diffuse large B-cell

Translocation of chromosome 8 which presents with starry sky pattern: Burkitt’s lymphoma (C MYC)

Biopsy of this tumor reveals homogenous population of small lymphocytes, does not have centroblasts and proliferation centers: MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA

A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

53
Q

Excess light or heavy chains along with complete Igs synthesized by neoplastic plasma cells

A

Bence-Jones Proteins (multiple myeloma)

54
Q

Proliferative disorder of the dendritic cells which has BIRBECK granules “tennis racket”

A

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

55
Q

Tumor of the thymus associated with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia

A

Thymoma

56
Q

Most important monoclonal gammopathy usually presents as tumorous masses scattered throughout the skeletal system

A

Multiple myeloma

57
Q

Reduction below normal limits of the total circulating red cell mass

A

Anemia

58
Q

Average volume of a red cell expressed in femtoliters

A

Mean cell volume

59
Q

Average content (mass) of hemoglobin per red red cell, expressed in pictograms

A

Mean cell hemoglobin

60
Q

Average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells, expressed in grams per deciliter

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

61
Q

Coefficient of variation of red cell volume

A

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

62
Q

Marked variation in RBC size

A

Anisocytosis

63
Q

Marked variation in RBC shape

A

Poikilocytosis

64
Q

Episodes of hypoxic injury and infarction

A

Vasoocclusive crisis

65
Q

Massive entrapment of sickle cells leads to rapid splenic enlargement, hypovolemia and shock

A

Sequestration crisis

66
Q

Infection of red cell progenitors by parvovirus B19

A

Aplastic crisis

67
Q

Small hyperchromic RBC lacking central pallor

HP marker: SPHEROCYTES

A

Hereditary Spherocytosis

68
Q

Small dark nuclear remnants present in RBCs of asplenic patients

HP marker: HOWELL JOLLY BODIES

A

Asplenia

69
Q

Membrane-bound precipitates on denatured globin chains

HP marker: HEINZ BODIES

A

G6PD

70
Q

RBCs with damaged membranes due to removal of Heinz bodies by splenic macrophages

HP marker: bite cells

A

G6PD

71
Q

RBCs shaped like curved blades

HP marker: SICKLED CELLS

A

Sickle cell anemia

72
Q

Dehydrated RBCs with bull’s eye appearance

HP marker: TARGET CELLS (codocytes)

A

B thalassemia

Sickle cell anemia

73
Q

Fragmented RBCs; also called helmet cells if cut in half

HP marker: schistocytes

A

RBC trauma
DIC
HUS

74
Q

RBCs with spikes

HP marker: burst cells, ecchinocytes

A

Valve replacement

75
Q

Pathology behind Sickle Cell anemia

A

Point mutation in 6th codon of B-globin (valine replaced glutamate)

76
Q

Infection that may cause aplastic crisis in Sickle cell and HS?

A

Parvovirus B19

77
Q

Pathology behind Alpha Thalassemia

A

Gene deletion

78
Q

Pathology behind Beta thalassemia

A

Point mutation

79
Q

Crew cut appearance, chipmunk facies

A

Sickle cell anemia thalassemia

80
Q

Hemoglobinuria upon awakening

A

PNH

81
Q

Choledochal cyst

A

Jaundice

Abdominal pain

Mass

82
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Palpitations

Diaphoresis

Headache

83
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas?

A

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

84
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?

A

IODINE DEFICIENCY

85
Q

Chronic inflammatory infiltrate of the thyroid gland with MULTINUCLEATED GIANT CELLS?

A

SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS (DE QUERVAIN)

86
Q

Most common cause of PAINFUL thyroid gland

Associated with viral infection (COXSACKIE)

A

SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS

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