Patho Flashcards
0
Q
Reduction in number of neutrophils in blood
A
Neutropenia
1
Q
Abnormally low white cell count
A
Leukopenia
2
Q
Clinically significant reduction in neutrophils wherein serious consequence of making individuals susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections
A
Agranulocytosis
SE: drugs of hyperthyroidism
3
Q
Increase in number of white cells in blood
A
Leukocytosis
4
Q
Inflammation of lymph nodes
A
Lymphadenitis
- most common TB
5
Q
Neoplasms in bone marrow in which tumor cells are found in the peripheral blood
A
Leukemia
6
Q
Malignant transformation of lymphoid cells residing primarily in lymphoid tissues, especially in the lymph nodes
A
Lymphoma
7
Q
Low platelet, leukopenia, anemia
A
Pancytopenia
8
Q
Characterized by increased marrow production of red cells, granulocytes, and platelets
A
Panmyelosis
9
Q
ELEVATED PLATELET COUNT
A
Thrombocytosis (Iron Deficiency Anemia)
10
Q
Platelet < 150,000
A
Thrombocytopenia
11
Q
Increase in WBC count with left shift (eg, 80% bands) and high leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
A
Leukemoid reaction
12
Q
Solid focus of leukemia outside the bone marrow
A
Chloroma
13
Q
How do you differentiate leukemoid reaction from CML?
A
Leukemoid reaction has high leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. CML has very low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
14
Q
Types of Leukocytes
A
Neutropenia
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
15
Q
MI
Stroke
Fracture
A
Neutropenia
16
Q
Viral infections
A
Lymphocytes
17
Q
Allergic reaction Neoplasms Collagen vascular disease Asthma Allergic Parasites
A
Eosinophils
18
Q
Chronic infections
A
Monocytes
19
Q
CML
Mast cell degranulation
A
Basophils
20
Q
Abnormal azurophilic (primary) granules
Toxic granules
A
Severe infection / Sepsis
21
Q
Patches of dilated ER that appear as sky-blue cytoplasmic puddles
DOHLE BODIES
A
Severe infections
22
Q
Distinctive needle-like azurophilic granules found in myeloblasts
AUER RODS
A
AML
23
Q
Scattered macrophage with abundant wrinkled green blue cytoplasm
Sea-blue histiocytes
A
CML
24
Small lymphocytes disrupted in the process of making smears
SMUDGE CELLS
CLL
25
Large cells with multiple nuclei or single nucleus with multiple nuclear lobes (owl eyes)
REED-STERNBERG CELLS
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
26
Nuclear remnants are phagocytosed by interspersed macrophages (Burkitt cells) with abundant clear cytoplasm (lipid droplets)
STARRY SKY PATTERN
Burkitt's Lymphoma
27
Cells found in adult T-cell lymphoma which appear to have multilobated nuclei
CLOVER LEAF or FLOWER CELLS
Adult T-cell lymphoma
28
Destructive plasma cells tumors involving axial skeleton
PLASMACYTOMA
Multiple myeloma
29
Multiple nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and cytoplasmic droplets containing Ig
Bizarre multinucleated cells
Multiple myeloma
- anemia
- renal failure
- bone pain
30
Fiery red cytoplasm
FLAME CELLS
Multiple myeloma
31
Pink globular cytoplasmic inclusions
RUSSELL BODIES
Multiple myeloma
32
Blue globular nuclear inclusions
DUTCHER BODIES
Multiple myeloma
33
M proteins causes RBCs in PBS to stick in linear arrays "coin stacked"
ROULEAUX CONFORMATION
Multiple myeloma
34
Erythroblasts with iron-laden mitochondria visible as perinuclear granules
Ringed Sideroblasts
```
Sideroblastic anemia
INH, lead, copper poisoning
Multiple myeloma
RA
B6 deficiency
```
35
Neutrophils with only two nuclear lobes
PSEUDO-PELGER-HUET CELLS
MDS
36
Megakaryocytes with single nuclear lobes or multiple separate nuclei
PAWN BALL MEGAKARYOCYTES
MDS
37
Premature release of nucleated erythroid and early granulocyte progenitors
Leukoerythroblastosis
Primary Myelofibrosis
38
Cells that were probably damaged during the birthing process in the fibrotic marrow
TEARDROP CELLS or DACRYOCYTES
Primary Myelofibrosis
39
Pentalaminar tubules, often with a dilated terminal end (tennis racket-like appearance)
BIRBECK GRANULES
Langerhans cells histiocytes
40
Small yellow-brown, brown or rust-colored foci in the spleen
GANDY-GAMMA NODULES
Splenic congestion
41
Condition that is caused by accumulation of microbes, cell debris and foreign material
Acute lymphadenitis
42
Non-tender swelling of lymph nodes which contains zones of proliferating blast-like B cell, B cells with cleaved/irregular nuclear contours and phagocytic macrophages containing the nuclear debris of B cells
Follicular Hyperplasia (Zone of Proliferation-B cells)
43
Non-tender swelling of lymph nodes which is usually due to EBV infection and some drugs such as phenytoin
Paracortical hyperplasia (T-cell proliferation)
44
Non-tender swelling of lymph nodes which is usually seen in breast cancers
Sinus Histiocytosis (monocytic proliferation)
45
9 year old male presents with fever without any sign of infection. On PE, note of mediastinal mass. BMA revealed hypercellular marrow packed with lymphoblasts
ALL
<13 years
46
Most common WBC malignancy in children
Has the best diagnosis
Most responsive to CHEMOTHERAPY
DOC: ASPARAGINASE
ALL
47
BMA showing hypercellular marrow packed with myeloblasts and AUER RODS
AML
13-40 yo
48
```
Has three phases
Philadelphia chromosome
Leukocytosis
Low alkaline phosphatase
Sea-Blue histiocytes
```
CML
40-60 yo
Tx: IMATINIB
49
Most common leukemia of adults and the elderly PBS shows smudge cells and nucleated red blood cells
CLL
>60
50
Mature B-cell tumor in the elderly where cells have fine hairlike projections (hairy cells)
Hairy cell leukemia
51
Most common type: lacunar variant RS cells : nodular sclerosis
Lymphocytes make up the vast majority of cellular infiltrate: MONONUCLEAR variant RS cells : LYMPHOCYTE RICH
Worst prognosis: lymphocyte depleted
BEST PROGNOSIS: lymphocyte rich
Relatively good prognosis: contains popcorn cells: lymphocyte predominant
Most commonly associated with EBV: Lymphocyte depleted
Has the highest count of Reed Sternberg cells: Mixed cellularity
Correlates with good prognosis in Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Lymphocytes in background
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
52
Most common form of NHL: diffuse large B-cell
Translocation of chromosome 8 which presents with starry sky pattern: Burkitt's lymphoma (C MYC)
Biopsy of this tumor reveals homogenous population of small lymphocytes, does not have centroblasts and proliferation centers: MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
53
Excess light or heavy chains along with complete Igs synthesized by neoplastic plasma cells
Bence-Jones Proteins (multiple myeloma)
54
Proliferative disorder of the dendritic cells which has BIRBECK granules "tennis racket"
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
55
Tumor of the thymus associated with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia
Thymoma
56
Most important monoclonal gammopathy usually presents as tumorous masses scattered throughout the skeletal system
Multiple myeloma
57
Reduction below normal limits of the total circulating red cell mass
Anemia
58
Average volume of a red cell expressed in femtoliters
Mean cell volume
59
Average content (mass) of hemoglobin per red red cell, expressed in pictograms
Mean cell hemoglobin
60
Average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells, expressed in grams per deciliter
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
61
Coefficient of variation of red cell volume
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
62
Marked variation in RBC size
Anisocytosis
63
Marked variation in RBC shape
Poikilocytosis
64
Episodes of hypoxic injury and infarction
Vasoocclusive crisis
65
Massive entrapment of sickle cells leads to rapid splenic enlargement, hypovolemia and shock
Sequestration crisis
66
Infection of red cell progenitors by parvovirus B19
Aplastic crisis
67
Small hyperchromic RBC lacking central pallor
HP marker: SPHEROCYTES
Hereditary Spherocytosis
68
Small dark nuclear remnants present in RBCs of asplenic patients
HP marker: HOWELL JOLLY BODIES
Asplenia
69
Membrane-bound precipitates on denatured globin chains
HP marker: HEINZ BODIES
G6PD
70
RBCs with damaged membranes due to removal of Heinz bodies by splenic macrophages
HP marker: bite cells
G6PD
71
RBCs shaped like curved blades
HP marker: SICKLED CELLS
Sickle cell anemia
72
Dehydrated RBCs with bull's eye appearance
HP marker: TARGET CELLS (codocytes)
B thalassemia
| Sickle cell anemia
73
Fragmented RBCs; also called helmet cells if cut in half
HP marker: schistocytes
RBC trauma
DIC
HUS
74
RBCs with spikes
HP marker: burst cells, ecchinocytes
Valve replacement
75
Pathology behind Sickle Cell anemia
Point mutation in 6th codon of B-globin (valine replaced glutamate)
76
Infection that may cause aplastic crisis in Sickle cell and HS?
Parvovirus B19
77
Pathology behind Alpha Thalassemia
Gene deletion
78
Pathology behind Beta thalassemia
Point mutation
79
Crew cut appearance, chipmunk facies
Sickle cell anemia thalassemia
80
Hemoglobinuria upon awakening
PNH
81
Choledochal cyst
Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Mass
82
Pheochromocytoma
Palpitations
Diaphoresis
Headache
83
Most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas?
HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS
84
Most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
IODINE DEFICIENCY
85
Chronic inflammatory infiltrate of the thyroid gland with MULTINUCLEATED GIANT CELLS?
SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS (DE QUERVAIN)
86
Most common cause of PAINFUL thyroid gland
Associated with viral infection (COXSACKIE)
SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS
