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PEARLS PEARLS PEARLS 📌📌 > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

0
Q

Trachoma: C. Trachomatis types A-C, chronic keratoconjunctivitis

Genital tract infections: C. Trachomatis types D-K, most common cause of STDs, associated with Reiter’s syndrome

Late-onset neonatal pneumonia: C. Trachomatis types D-K, staccato cough

Lymphogranuloma venereum: C. Trachomatis types L1-L3, suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis (buboes), positive FREI test

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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1
Q

Primary syphilis: reaches inguinal lymph nodes within hours, characteristic lesion is painless chancre

Secondary syphilis: characteristic lesion - condylomata lata, lymphadenopathy, malaise, anorexia

Tertiary syphilis: characteristic lesion - gummas, dorsal columns affected (tabes dorsalis), CNS involvement (demential paralytica), argyll-robertson pupil, aortitis due to invasion of vasa vasorum

Congenital syphilis: snuffles/saddle nose, mulberry molars, Hutchinson’s triad (Hutchinson teeth, deafness, keratitis), sabre shins, rhagades (angle of mouth), Higoumenakis sign (clavicle), Clutton’s joints (synovitis), pulmonary hemorrhage

A

Treponema pallidum

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2
Q

UTI: most common cause of community acquired UTIs

Neonatal meningitis: 2nd most common cause

Traveler’s diarrhea: causative agent: ETEC

HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME: causative strain - EHEC, E. coli 0157:H7; toxin- verotoxin (Shiga-like); triad- thrombocytopenia, anemia, renal failure; associated food- undercooked beef

A

Escherichia coli

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3
Q

Enterocolitis: causative strain: salmonella enteriditis; abdominal pain and nonbloody diarrhea

Typhoid fever: causative strain- salmonella typhi; W1-stepladder fever, relative bradycardia (pulse fever disproportion)
W2- rose spots, abdominal pain
W3- bleeding, eleitis
W4- death or recovery

Sepsis: causative strain- salmonella cholerasois, osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell

A

Salmonella spp

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4
Q

Pruritis of scalp on trunk; nits seen on hair shaft

A

Pediculus humanus (lice)

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5
Q

Pruritis in pubic area; nits seen on hair shaft

A

Phthirus pubis (lice)

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6
Q

Pruritic, painful and erythematous nodule; larva may be seen emerging from nodule

A

Dermatitis hominis (flies)

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7
Q

Pruritic, erythematous wheal

A

Cimex lectularius (bedbugs)

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8
Q

Pruritic, erythematous papules, and linear tracks

A

Sarcoptes scabei (mites)

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9
Q

Ascending paralysis

A

Dermacentor (ticks)

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10
Q

Wading in floodwaters

A

Leptospira interrogans

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11
Q

Swimming in lakes

A

Naegleria fowleri

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12
Q

Unpasteurized milk

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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13
Q

AIDS

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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14
Q

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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15
Q

Head trauma

Otitis media

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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16
Q

Living in close quarters

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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17
Q

Unvaccinated children

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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18
Q

Prominent thick, gray, pseudomembranes over tonsils and throat

Complications: airway obstruction, myocarditis, cranial nerve and/or muscle paralysis

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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19
Q

Tumbling motility

Early-onset neonatal listeriosis (granulomatosis infantiseptica)

Late-onset neonatal meningitis

Adult meningitis

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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20
Q

Toxin: tetanospasmin

Strong muscle spasm (spastic paralysis, tetany)

Lockjaw (trismus)

Risus sardonicus

Opisthotonos

Respiratory failure

A

Clostridium tetani

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21
Q

Gas gangrene (clostridial myenecrosis)

  • pain, edema and cellulitis with crepitation
  • hemolysis and jaundice are common (alpha toxin)
A

Clostridium perfringens

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22
Q

Bright red cheek rash (slapped cheeks)

A

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

ParvovirusB19

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23
Q

In children with sickle cell

A

Aplastic crisis

Parvovirus B19

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24
Q

2nd trimester: hydrops fetalis

A

Fetal infection

Parvovirus B19

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25
Q

Formation of cytoplasmic vacuole (koilocytes)

A

Human papilloma virus

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26
Q

Skin and plantar warts

A

HPV 1-4

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27
Q

Anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata)

Most common viral STD

A

HPV-6 and 11

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28
Q

Carcinoma of cervix, penis and anus, vulva

A

HPV-16,18,31,33

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29
Q

Multinucleated giant cells on Tzanck smear

COWDRY type A bodies on brain biopsy

A

Herpes simplex virus

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30
Q

Gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, keratoconjunctivitis, temporal lobe encephalitis, herpes whitlow (fingers), herpes gladiatorum (trunk)

A

HSV-1

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31
Q

Genital herpes

A

HSV-2

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32
Q

Replicates in motor neurons in anterior horm cells of spinal cord, causing paralysis

A

Poliovirus

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33
Q

Herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

A

Coxsackie virus type A

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34
Q

Myocarditis and pericarditis

Most common cause of aseptic meningitis (most common cause is enterovirus)

A

Coxsackie virus type B

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35
Q

Centrifugal rash 2 weeks after respiratory infection (dewdrop on a rose appearance)

SHINGLES occurs during reactivation

Site of latency: dorsal root ganglion

A

Varicella zoster virus

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36
Q

Most common cause of congenital abnormalities

A

Congenital CMV infection

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37
Q

Heterophil-negative mononucleosis

A

CMV

Systemic CMV infections in immunocompromised patients

38
Q

Kissing disease

Splenic rupture is a rare complication

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

39
Q

Malignancies: Burkitt’s lymphoma (Africans), B-cell lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Chinese), hairy leukoplakia in AIDS patients

A

EBV

40
Q

Infective form: Dane particle

Necrotic hepatocytes (Councilmam bodies)

Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Associate with autoimmune vasculitides (polyarthritis nodosa)

A

Hepatitis B

41
Q

No chronic carrier state
No cirrhosis
No hepatocellular carcinoma
High mortality in pregnant woman

A

Hepatitis E

42
Q

Most common cause of nonbacterial diarrhea in adults

A

Norwalk virus (Norovirus)

43
Q

Most common cause of childhood diarrhea

A

Rotavirus

44
Q

Capable of undergoing antigenic shifts and drifts

Clinical presentation: fever, myalgias, headache, pharyngitis, and cough

Complications: staphylococcal pneumonia, Reye’s syndrome

A

Influenza virus

45
Q

HP: Warthin-Finkeldey bodies

Pathognomonic Koplik spots (brightn red lesions with a white, central dot on buccal mucosa

Maculopapular rash

Complications: encephalitis, pneumonia, subacute sclerosing, panencephalitis

A

Measles virus

46
Q

Tender swelling of the parotid glands (parotitis)
Increase in pain when drinking citrus fruits

Complications: orchitis, meningitis

A

Mumps virus

47
Q

Most important cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants

Severe disease in infants due to immunologic cross reaction with maternal antibodies

DOC: Ribovirin

A

Respiratory syncitial virus

48
Q

Most prevalent blood-borne pathogen

Autoimmune reactions (thyroiditis, autoantibodies, MPGN, PCT, DM

Main cause of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia

Tx: Ribovirin

A

Hepatitis C

49
Q

Posterior auricular LAD

Immune-complex polyarthritis in adults

A

German measles (rubella)

50
Q

PDA, congenital cataracts, sensorineural deafness, mental retardation

A

Congenital rubella syndrome

51
Q

Vector: aedes aegypti

Influenza like syndrome with maculopapular rash and severe pains in muscles and joints (breakbone fever)

Hemorrhagic shock due to cross-reacting antibody during 2nd dengue infection

A

Dengue virus

52
Q

Animal reservoir: horseshoe bat

Atypical pneumonia rapidly progressing to ARDS

Virus binds to ACE-2 receptor

Chest x-ray: non cavitary “ground glass” infiltrates

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (Coronavirus)

53
Q

HP: Negri bodies

Confusion, lethargy, hypersalivation, laryngospasm leads to hydrophobia

Invariably fatal when encephalitis develops

A

Rabies virus

54
Q

Characterized by inspiratory stridor, cough and hoarseness

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

Parainfluenza virus 1 & 2

55
Q

Steeple X-ray sign

Stenosis on subglottic swelling

A

Parainfluenza 1 & 2

56
Q

Infectious proteins route agents

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Kuru - kuria/guria = to shake

Variant CJD (vCJD)

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS syndrome)

Fetal familial insomnia

Sporadic fatal insomnia

A

Prions

57
Q

Characterized by inspiratory stridor, cough and hoarseness

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

Parainfluenza virus 1 & 2

58
Q

Steeple X-ray sign

Stenosis on subglottic swelling

A

Parainfluenza 1 & 2

59
Q

Infectious proteins route agents

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Kuru - kuria/guria = to shake

Variant CJD (vCJD)

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS syndrome)

Fetal familial insomnia

Sporadic fatal insomnia

A

Prions

60
Q

Hypopigmented areas

Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on 10% KOH

A

Malassezia Furfur

61
Q

Associated occupation: gardener

A

Sporothrix Schenckii

62
Q

Lung infiltrates, adenopathy or effusions

Erythema nodosum (dessert bumps)

Arthralgias

Meningitis

A

Coccidioides immitis

63
Q

Closely mimics TB
Chronic pneumonia
Erythema nodosum
Tongue ulcerations in AIDS patients

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

64
Q 
Dimorphic yeast
Chronic pneumonia
Ulcerated granulomas
Lytic bone lesions 
Prostatis
A

Blastomyces dermatidis

65
Q 
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis (curd-like discharge)
Intertrigo
Skin infections (satellite lesions)
Onchomycosis
Esophagitis
A

Candida albicans

66
Q

Primary infection: asymptomatic pneumonia
Meningitis
Encephalitis
India ink
Thick gelatinous lesion
Soap-bubble lesion in the meninges or Virchow-Robin spaces

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

67
Q

Aspergilloma (fungus ball) lung cavities

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

68
Q

Mild disease: fever, muscle pain, periorbital edema, eosinophilia and hemorrhagic phenomena (subconjunctival, splinter)

Severe disease: myocarditis, encephalitis, pneumonia, respiratory myositis

A

Trichinella spiralis

69
Q

Hypopigmented areas

Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on 10% KOH

A

Malassezia Furfur

70
Q

Associated occupation: gardener

A

Sporothrix Schenckii

71
Q

Lung infiltrates, adenopathy or effusions

Erythema nodosum (dessert bumps)

Arthralgias

Meningitis

A

Coccidioides immitis

72
Q

Closely mimics TB
Chronic pneumonia
Erythema nodosum
Tongue ulcerations in AIDS patients

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

73
Q 
Dimorphic yeast
Chronic pneumonia
Ulcerated granulomas
Lytic bone lesions 
Prostatis
A

Blastomyces dermatidis

74
Q 
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis (curd-like discharge)
Intertrigo
Skin infections (satellite lesions)
Onchomycosis
Esophagitis
A

Candida albicans

75
Q

Primary infection: asymptomatic pneumonia
Meningitis
Encephalitis
India ink
Thick gelatinous lesion
Soap-bubble lesion in the meninges or Virchow-Robin spaces

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

76
Q

Aspergilloma (fungus ball) lung cavities

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

77
Q

Hypopigmented areas

Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on 10% KOH

A

Malassezia Furfur

78
Q

Associated occupation: gardener

A

Sporothrix Schenckii

79
Q

Lung infiltrates, adenopathy or effusions

Erythema nodosum (dessert bumps)

Arthralgias

Meningitis

A

Coccidioides immitis

80
Q

Closely mimics TB
Chronic pneumonia
Erythema nodosum
Tongue ulcerations in AIDS patients

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

81
Q 
Dimorphic yeast
Chronic pneumonia
Ulcerated granulomas
Lytic bone lesions 
Prostatis
A

Blastomyces dermatidis

82
Q 
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis (curd-like discharge)
Intertrigo
Skin infections (satellite lesions)
Onchomycosis
Esophagitis
A

Candida albicans

83
Q

Primary infection: asymptomatic pneumonia
Meningitis
Encephalitis
India ink
Thick gelatinous lesion
Soap-bubble lesion in the meninges or Virchow-Robin spaces

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

84
Q

Aspergilloma (fungus ball) lung cavities

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

85
Q

Hypopigmented areas

Spaghetti and meatballs appearance on 10% KOH

A

Malassezia Furfur

86
Q

Associated occupation: gardener

A

Sporothrix Schenckii

87
Q

Lung infiltrates, adenopathy or effusions

Erythema nodosum (dessert bumps)

Arthralgias

Meningitis

A

Coccidioides immitis

88
Q

Closely mimics TB
Chronic pneumonia
Erythema nodosum
Tongue ulcerations in AIDS patients

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

89
Q 
Dimorphic yeast
Chronic pneumonia
Ulcerated granulomas
Lytic bone lesions 
Prostatis
A

Blastomyces dermatidis

90
Q 
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis (curd-like discharge)
Intertrigo
Skin infections (satellite lesions)
Onchomycosis
Esophagitis
A

Candida albicans

91
Q

Primary infection: asymptomatic pneumonia
Meningitis
Encephalitis
India ink
Thick gelatinous lesion
Soap-bubble lesion in the meninges or Virchow-Robin spaces

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

92
Q

Aspergilloma (fungus ball) lung cavities

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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