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PEARLS PEARLS PEARLS 📌📌 > 📌BIOCHEM PEALS COMPLETE > Flashcards

📌BIOCHEM PEALS COMPLETE Flashcards

0
Q

Inability to repair mismatch strand

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon

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1
Q

Inability to repair thymine dimers

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

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2
Q

Triple repeat expansion

A

Huntington disease

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3
Q

Caloric deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein

A

Marasmus

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4
Q

Alcohol leads to fat accumulation in the liver

A

Fatty liver

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5
Q

Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome due to absence of peroxisomes

A

Zellweger Syndrome

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6
Q

Defect in peroxisomal activation of VLCFA leads to accumulation of VLCFA in the blood and tissues

A

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

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7
Q

Accumulation of phytanic acid

A

Refsum’s disease

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8
Q

Hypoglcin from unripe fruit of the akee tree inactivates medium and short chain actylCoA dehydrogenase

A

Jamaican vomiting sickness

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9
Q

Excess TAGs and chylomicrons in blood leads to deposition in liver, skin, pancreas

A

Type I hyperglyceridemia

Genetic absence of lipoprotein lipase

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10
Q

Elevated LDL cholesterol with increased risk for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease

A

Type II Hypercholesterolemia

LDL receptor deficiency

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11
Q

Accumulation of fat in intestinal enterocytes and hepatocytes, with deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

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12
Q

Failure to thrive, salt-wasting, hypoglycemia, ambiguous genitalia

A

CAH

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13
Q

Mental retardation, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin (but no heoatosplenomegaly) from accumulation of GM2 ganglioside

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

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14
Q

Mental retardation, aseptic necrosis of femur, enlarged liver and spleen from accumulation of glucosylceramide

A

Gaucher’s disease

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15
Q

Mental retardation, enlarged liver and spleen, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells from accumulation of sphingomyelin

A

Niemann-pick disease

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16
Q

Acute arthritis with deposition of uric acid crystals

A

Gout

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17
Q

Gout and self mutilation

A

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

HGPRT deficiency

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18
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency

A

ADA

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19
Q

Abnormal growth Megaloblastic anemia, orotate in urine

A

Orotic acid urea

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20
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Point mutation

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21
Q

Protein deprivation that is relative greater than the reduction in total calories

A

Kwashiorkor

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22
Q

Photosensitivity, chronic inflammation to overt blistering and shearing in exposed areas of the skin due to defects in heme synthesis

A

Porphyrias

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23
Q

Mental retardation from blocked degradation of branched-chain amino acids

A

MSVD

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24
Q

Staghorn calculi due to inherited defect of renal tubular amino acid transporter

A

Cystinuria

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25
Q

Atherosclerosis, lens subluxation, stroke, myocardial infarction, osteoporosis, tall stature

A

Homocystinuria

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26
Q

Decreases pigmentation that increases risk for skin cancer

A

Albinism

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27
Q

Urine turns black upon standing with debilitating arthralgias

A

Alkaptonuria

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28
Q

Musty body odor, mental retardation, growth retardation, fair skin, eczema

A

Phenylketonuria

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29
Q

Severe mental retardation, coarse facial features, and skeletal abnormalities from accumulation of partially degraded glycoproteins in lysosomes

A

I-cell disease

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30
Q

Impaired transfer of copper from intestinal mucosal cells to the blood leading to growing retardation, mental deficiency and kinky hair

A

Menke’s syndrome

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31
Q

Hepatolenticular degeneration from accumulation of copper in tissues, with low levels of ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease

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32
Q

Panacinar emphysema and liver failure

A

A-1 antitrypsin deficiency

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33
Q

Aortic dilatation, dolichostenomelia, arachnodactyly

A

Mafran syndrome

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34
Q

Hereditary nephritis with sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport’s syndrome

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35
Q

The skin breaks and blisters as a result of minor trauma

A

Epidermolysis bullosa

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36
Q

Loose teeth, sore spongy gums, poor wound healing, petechiae on skin and mucous membranes

A

Scurvy

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37
Q

Berry aneurysms, hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints, tendency to bleed

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

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38
Q

Blue sclera, multiple fractures, conductive hearing loss

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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39
Q

Spectrin deficiency causes spherical RBCs that are rapidly culled by the spleen

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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40
Q

Synthesis of b-chains is decreased or absent

A

Beta thalassemia

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41
Q

Synthesis of a-chains is decreased or absent

A

Alpha thalassemia

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42
Q

Glutame is replaced by valine at position 6 of the b-globin chain, causing hemoglobin that polymerizes inside the RBC

A

Sickle cell disease

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43
Q

Fetal neurodenegerative diseases characterized by spongiform changes, astrocytic gliomas and neuronal loss

A

Prion disease

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44
Q

Progressive cognitive and behavioral impairment due to accumulation of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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45
Q

Fructosuria, severe hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, liver damage, jaundice

A

Fructose intolerance (Aldolate B deficiency)

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46
Q

Benign fructosuria

A

Fructokinase deficiency

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47
Q

Galactosemia, galactosuria, cataracts in averagely childhood

A

Galactokinase deficiency

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48
Q

Cataracts within a few days of birth, vomiting and diarrhea after milk ingestion, lethargy, hypotonia, mental retardation

A

Classic Galactosemia

Galactose 1P uridyltransferase deficiency

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49
Q

Recurrent pyogenic infections due to impairment of respiratory burst of neutrophils and monocytes

A

Chronic Granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase deficiency)

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50
Q

Decreased NADPH in RBCs leads to hemolytic anemia due to poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents

A

G6PD deficiency

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51
Q

Myoglobinuria with strenuous exercise

A

McArdle syndrome

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52
Q

Hepatomegaly, milder form of Von Gierke disease

A

Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)

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53
Q

Cardiomegaly and heart failure from impaired glycogen metabolism

A

Pompe disease

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54
Q

Severe fasting, hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, elevated glycogen in liver

A

Von Gierke disease

Glucose 6-phosphate deficiency

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55
Q

Flatulence, cramps and diarrhea after ingestion of dairy products

A

Lactose intolerance

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56
Q

Chronic hemolytic anemia, most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

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57
Q

These antibiotics bind to the 50S subunit and inhibit translocation

A

Clindamycin and macrolides

Erythromycin, Azithromycin

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58
Q

These antibiotic prevents binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site

A

Tetracycline

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59
Q

This antibiotic inhibits prokaryotic peptidyltransferase and peptide bond formation

A

Chloramphenicol

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60
Q

This antimycobacterial drug inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

A

Rifampicin

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61
Q

Toxicity from this antimycobaterial drug may be alleviated by administration of vitamin B6

A

Isoniazid

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62
Q

This antineoplastic drug inhibits thymidylate synthase and causes thymine-less cell death

A

5-Flouriuracil

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63
Q

These antibiotics interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting topoisomerase type II

A

Flouroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin)

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64
Q

This antibiotic interferes with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase

A

Trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole)

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65
Q

Inhibits xanthine oxidase, used in the treatment of gout

A

Allopurinol

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66
Q

Inhibits HMG CoA reductase, used in the treatment of Hypercholesterolemia

A

Statins

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67
Q

Anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit phospholipase A2 and decrease the production of arachnidonic acid

A

Steroids

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68
Q

These drugs decrease inflammation by reversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase

A

NSAIDS

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69
Q

These drugs decrease inflammation by selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2

A

Celecoxib, Etoricoxib

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70
Q

This drug irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase

A

Aspirin

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71
Q

This drug decreases inflammation in asthma by inhibiting lipooxygenase

A

Zileuton

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72
Q

These drugs are useful in asthma because they inhibit leukotriene receptors

A

Montelukast

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73
Q

This prostaglandin is useful in impotence and in keeping the ductus arteriosus patent

A

PGE1 (Alprostadil)

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74
Q

Oral antidiabetic drugs that reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting the conversion of complex starches, oligosaccharides, and disaccharides into monosaccharides

A

a-Glucosidase inhibitors

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75
Q

These antibiotics interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by competitively inhibiting dihydropteroate synthase

A

Sulfonamides

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76
Q

Conversion of proinsulin to insulin

A

Post-translational

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77
Q

Hydroxylation of collagen

A

Post-translational

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78
Q

Removal of introns

A

Post-transcriptional

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79
Q

Methylguanosine cap

A

Post-transcriptional

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80
Q

Give the codon coding for methionine

A

AUG

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81
Q

Give the 3 stop codon

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

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82
Q

Incoming aminoacyl tRNA

A

A site

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83
Q

Growing peptide chain

A

P site

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84
Q

Empty tRNA

A

E site

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85
Q

Codon always code for theme amino acid

A

Specific

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86
Q

Given amino acid may have more than one codon coding for it

A

Degenerate

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87
Q

Conversed from every early stages of evolution

A

Universal

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88
Q

mRNA processing and gene regulation

A

snRNA

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89
Q

3’-CCA sequence

A

tRNA

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90
Q

Poly-A tail

A

mRNA

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91
Q

Presence of unusual bases

A

tRNA

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92
Q

Carries genetic information from nuclear DNA to the cytosol

A

mRNA

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93
Q

Seals the nick between Okazaki fragments

A

Ligase

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94
Q

Excision of primers

A

DNA polymerase I

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95
Q

Elongation of leading strand

A

DNA polymerase III

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96
Q

maintains the separation of the parental strand

A

SS-DNA Binding Protein

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97
Q

Synthesis of RNA primer

A

Primase

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98
Q

Identifies origin of replication

A

DNA A protein

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99
Q

Removes superocoils

A

Topoisomerase

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100
Q

Unwinds double helix

A

Helikase

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101
Q

Sigma factor

A

Transcription

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102
Q

Lac Operon

A

Transcription

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103
Q

Shine Dalgarno sequence

A

Translation

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104
Q

Hogness box

A

Transcription, Eukaryotic

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105
Q

Pribnow box

A

Transcription, Prokaryotic

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106
Q

RNA to DNA

A

Reverse Transcription

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107
Q

DNA to DNA

A

Replication

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108
Q

RNA to protein

A

Translation

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109
Q

DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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110
Q

More susceptible to hydrolysis

A

RNA

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111
Q

Usually double stranded

A

DNA

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112
Q

Uracil

A

RNA

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113
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

DNA

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114
Q

Which enzymes convert AMP to ADP and GMP to GDP?

A

Monophosphate Kinase

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115
Q

What enzyme converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides?

A

Ribonucleotide Reductase

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116
Q

What is the parent pyramidine?

A

OMP

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117
Q

What is the parent purine?

A

IMP

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118
Q

Ring can be opened and degraded to highly soluble structures

A

Pyramidine

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119
Q

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

A

Pyrimidine

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120
Q

Adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine

A

Purine

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121
Q

Ring is constructed on a performed ribose 5-phosphate

A

Purine

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122
Q

APRT and HGPRT for salvage pathway

A

Purine

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123
Q

PRPP is donor of ribose 5-phosphate

A

Purine and pyrimidine

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124
Q

Inorganic substance of bones and teeth

A

Fluorine

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125
Q

Thyroid hormone synthesis

A

Iodine

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126
Q

Cytochrome oxidase, dopamine b-hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase, tyrosinase

A

Copper

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127
Q

Carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, DNA and RNA polymerase

A

Zinc

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128
Q

Glutathione peroxidase

A

Selenium

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129
Q

Anemia and hemochromatosis

A

Iron

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130
Q

Conversion of propionyl CoA to glucose

A

Biotin; Vitamin B12

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131
Q

Increase iron absorption

A

Vitamin C

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132
Q

Anencephaly and spina bifida

A

Folic acid

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133
Q

Deficiency may result in hemolysis

A

Vitamin E

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134
Q

Teratogenic

A

Vitamin A

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135
Q

Retrieval of glucose residues from glycogen

A

Vitamin B6

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136
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Vitamin B12/Folic acid

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137
Q

Co-factor for acyl transfers and component of fatty acid synthase

A

Vitamin B5

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138
Q

Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

A

Vitamin B3

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139
Q

Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in coagulation factors

A

Vitamin K

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140
Q

All aminotranferases

A

Vitamin B6

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141
Q

Condensation of glycine and succinyl CoA

A

Vitamin B6

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142
Q

Hartnup disease

A

Vitamin B3

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143
Q

Hydroxylation of collagen

A

Vitamin C

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144
Q

Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA

A

Biotin

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145
Q

Normalizes calcium levels in response to hypocalcemia

A

Vitamin D

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146
Q

Prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation

A

Vitamin E

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147
Q

Transketolase reactions in the HMP shunt

A

Vitamin B1

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148
Q

Phosphorylation glycogen synthase

A

Inhibited

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149
Q

High cAMP HMG CoA synthase

A

Activated

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150
Q

High epinephrine HMG CoA reductase

A

Inhibited

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151
Q

Low glucagon

Pyruvate kinase

A

Activated

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152
Q

High insulin

Glucose 6-phosphatase

A

Inhibited

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153
Q

Oligosaccharide in blood type B

A

Galactose

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154
Q

Determines charge selectiveness of renal glomerulus

A

Heparan sulfate

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155
Q

Attracts water into the ECM

A

Hyaluronic acid

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156
Q

Oligosaccharide in blood type A

A

N-Acetylgalactosaminase

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157
Q

Immunologic molecules

A

Immunoglobulins

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158
Q

Transport molecules

A

Transferrin

159
Q

Lubricant and protective agent

A

Mucin

160
Q

Located at sites of calcification of endochondral bone

A

Chondroitan sulfate

161
Q

Important anticoagulant

A

Heparin

162
Q

Lysine

A

Ketogenic

163
Q

Purely glucogenic

A

Valine

164
Q

Tyrosine

A

Glucogenic and Ketogenic

165
Q

Pyruvate

A

Alanine

166
Q

a-ketoglutarate

A

Glutamate

167
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

Aspartate

168
Q

Which 3 compounds are the immediate donors of the atoms of urea?

A

Free ammonia
Aspartate
Carbon dioxide

169
Q

Through this enzyme, glutamine is delaminates to glutamate in the kidneys and intestines

A

Glutaminase

170
Q

Through this enzyme, glutamine is synthesized from glutamate and ammonia

A

Glutamine synthase

171
Q

Through this enzyme, glutamate is oxidatively deaminated to liberate free ammonia

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

172
Q

Through this enzyme, amino acids transfer their amino groups to glutamate

A

Aminotranferases

173
Q

Give 3 compounds in which organisms excrete excess nitrogen

A

Ammonia
Uric acid
Urea

174
Q

Malignancy

A

Negative nitrogen balance

175
Q

Pregnancy

A

Positive nitrogen balance

176
Q

Tendon, fascia, bone

A

Type I collagen

177
Q

Nucleus purposus, vitreous body and cartilage

A

Type II

178
Q

Most common type of collagen

A

Type I collagen

179
Q

Basement membrane

A

Type IV collagen

180
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Type III

181
Q

Reticulin, blood vessels

A

Type III collagen

182
Q

Y-tetramers in the newborn

A

Hemoglobin Barrts

183
Q

Tetramers consisting of two a-chains and y-chains

A

Fetal hemoglobin

184
Q

Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin for transport in the blood

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

185
Q

Carbon monoxide binds tightly but reversibly to the hemoglobin iron

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

186
Q

Oxidation of the heme component of hemoglobin to Fe3+, which cannot bind oxygen

A

Methemyoglobin

187
Q

Non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hemoglobin, used to determine level of control of diabetes mellitus

A

HBA1C

188
Q

Hemoglobin without any oxygen molecule bound to it

A

T form (T4)

189
Q

Hemoglobin bound to 4 oxygen molecules

A

R form

190
Q

Most abundant form in adults

A

Hemoglobin A (a-a-b-b)

191
Q

Binds four molecules of oxygen at a time

Binding of oxygen is affected by changes in pH and CO2 concentration

Exists in taut and relaxed form

Sigmoidal oxygen dissociation curve

A

Hemoglobin

192
Q

Reservoir of oxygen

Found in heart and skeletal muscle

Only exhibits tertiary structure

A

Myoglobin

193
Q

Contains heme

A

Hemoglobin and myoglobin

194
Q

Domains

Determine whether protein is globular or fibrous

A

Tertiary structure

195
Q

Edman’s reagent

Sequence of amino acids

A

Primary structure

196
Q

More than one polypeptide

A

Quarternary structure

197
Q

Beta pleated sheet

A

Secondary structure

198
Q

Precursor of homocysteine

A

Methionine

199
Q

Precursor of glutathione

Precursor of GABA

A

Glutamate

200
Q

Precursor of tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine

201
Q

Precursor of thyroid hormones

Precursor of catecholamines

Precursor of melanin

A

Tyrosine

202
Q

Precursor of histamine

Diagnosis of Folic acid deficiency

Plays a role in oxygen binding to hemoglobin and myoglobin

A

Histidine

203
Q

Precursor of melatonin

Precursor of serotonin

Precursor of niacin

Largest side chain

A

Tryptophan

204
Q

Precursor of nitric oxide

A

Arginine

205
Q

Hemoglobin synthesis

Smallest side chain

A

Glycine

206
Q

Nutritionally essential amino acids

A

PVT TIM HALL

207
Q

Transfer of methylgroups as SAM

A

Methionine

208
Q

Causes kinks in collagen

A

Proline (Imino acid)

209
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Histidine, Arginine, Lysin

210
Q

Acidic amino acid

A

Aspartate and Glutamate

211
Q

Important constituent of myelin

A

Sphingomyelin

212
Q

Reservoir for arachnidonic acid in the membranes and precursor for IP3 and DAG

A

Phosphatidylinositol

213
Q

Only glycerophospholipid that is antigenic

A

Cardiolipin

214
Q

Major component of lung surfactant

A

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

215
Q

Degradation of TAG remaining in IDL

A

Hepatic Tag Lipase

216
Q

Degradation of dietary TAG in small intestine

A

Pancreatic Lipase

217
Q

Degradation of TAG stored in adipocytes

A

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

218
Q

Activates LCAT to produce cholesteryl esters in HDL

A

Apo A-1

219
Q

Binds to LDL receptor and mediates VLDL secretion

A

Apo B-100

220
Q

Mediates uptake of chylomicron remnant

A

Apo-E

221
Q

Activates lipoprotein lipase

A

Apo C-II

222
Q

Mediates chylomicron secretion

A

Apo B-48

223
Q

Highest cholesterol content

Delivers cholesterol into cells

A

LDL

224
Q

Highest protein content

Shuttles apo C-II and apo E in the blood

Reverse cholesterol transport

A

HDL

225
Q

Highest triglyceride content

Transport dietary triglyceride and cholesterol from intestine to tissues

A

Chylomicron

226
Q

Protein moiety of lipoproteins

A

Apoproteins

227
Q

Spherical macromolecular complexes composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a shell of amphipathic lipoproteins, phospholipid and monesterified cholesterol

A

Lipoprotein

228
Q

Clinical manifestation of lipid malabsorption

A

Steatorrhea

229
Q

Give 2 secondary bile acids

A

Lithocholic acid

Deoxycholic acid

230
Q

Give 2 molecules conjugated to bile acids to convert them to bile salts

A

Taurine, Glycine

231
Q

Give 2 primary bile acids

A

Cholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid

232
Q

Enumerate 3 organs that can use ketones as fuel source

A

Muscle, renal cortex, brain in prolonged fast

233
Q

Enumerate 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutarate acetone

234
Q

3-carbon compound that is a product of the oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids

A

Propionyl CoA

235
Q

End product of fatty acid synthesis

A

Palmitic acid

236
Q

Immediate precursor of prostaglandins

A

Linoleic and Linolenic

237
Q

Fatty acids associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis

A

Trans-fatty acids and saturated fatty acids

238
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with two or more double bones

A

Polyunsaturated

239
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with one double bond

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid

240
Q

Longer chain of carboxylic acid with no double bond

A

Saturated fatty acid

241
Q

Cleaves a(1-4) and a(1-6) bonds to produce free glucose

A

Debranching enzyme

242
Q

Cleaves a(1-4) bonds to produce glucose 1P

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

243
Q

Transfer 5-8 glucosyl residues and creates a(1-6) linkages

A

Branching enzyme

244
Q

Creates a(1-4) linkages and elongates the glycogen chains

A

Glycogen synthase

245
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase

A

FADH2

246
Q

Malate dehydrogenase

A

NADH

247
Q

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

NADH and Co2

248
Q

Succinate thiokinase

A

GTP

249
Q

Acetyl CoA to Palmitate

A

NADPH

250
Q

Succinate to fumarate

A

FAD

251
Q

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A

NAD+FAD (plus 3 others)

252
Q

Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

A

NAD+

253
Q

Pyruvate to lactate

A

NADH

254
Q

Alanine

A

Alanine aminotransferase

255
Q

Ethanol

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

256
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

257
Q

Lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

258
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

259
Q

High Vmax

A

Glucokinase

260
Q

Low Km

A

Hexokinase

261
Q

Phosphorylates glucose and other hexoses

A

Glucokinase and Hexokinase

262
Q

Present in liver parenchymal cells and islet cells of the pancreas

A

Glucokinase

263
Q

ATP required to create 1 molecule of urea

A

3 ATPs but 4 high energy bonds

264
Q

ATPs produced from complete oxidation of palmitate

A

129

265
Q

ATPs produced from complete oxidation of glucose

A

36 or 38

266
Q

ATPs produced from each molecule of NADH in TCA

A

3 (complex I)

267
Q

ATPs produced from each molecule of FADH2 in TCA

A

2 (complex II)

268
Q

ATPs produced from aerobic glycolysis

A

6 or 8

269
Q

ATPs produced from anaerobic glycolysis

A

2

270
Q

Transport of cytosolic palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondria for beta oxidation

A

Carnitine shuttle

271
Q

Transport of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA into the cytoplasm to produces 16-carbon fatty acid

A

Citrate shuttle

272
Q

Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in liver, kidney and heart

A

Malate-Aspartate shuttle

273
Q

Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in muscle and brain

A

Glycerophosphate shuttle

274
Q

Heme synthesis

A

Mitochondrial cytoplasm

275
Q

Oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

A

Peroxisome

276
Q

Degradation of glycogen by acid maltase

A

Lysosomes

277
Q

Beta oxidation

TCA cycle

A

Mitochondria

278
Q

Fatty acid synthesis

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

279
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

280
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

281
Q

Hexoses monophosphate shunt

A

Liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, testes, RBC, lactating mammaries

282
Q

Electron transport chain

A

All cells with mitochondria and sufficient oxygen

283
Q

Urea cycle

A

Liver

284
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Liver

285
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Liver and kidney

286
Q

Liver and muscle

A

Glycogen synthesis

287
Q

Glycolysis

A

All cells

288
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: DE NOVO PYRIMIDINE STNTHESIS

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

289
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: DE NOVO PURINE SYNTHESIS

A

GLUTAMINE PRPP AMINOTRANSFERASES

290
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: HEME SYNTHESIS

A

ALA synthase

291
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: UREA CYCLE

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

292
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

A

Desmolase

293
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: BILE ACID SYNTHESIS

A

Cholesterol 7 a-hydroxylase

294
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

A

HMG CoA synthase

295
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: lipolysis (b-oxidation)

A

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (or Carnitine Acyl transferase I)

296
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

297
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: TCA cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

298
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: hexose monophosphate shunt

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

299
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

300
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase

301
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme: glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase-I (PRK-I)

302
Q

Conversion of pyruvate to alanine

A

Anabolic

303
Q

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

A

Catabolic

304
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

catabolic

305
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Amphibolic

306
Q

Glylcogenesis

A

Anabolic

307
Q

Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 each donate a pair of electrons to a specialized set of electron carriers

A

ETC

308
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

A

Tricaboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

309
Q

Produces NADapH, ribose 5P and provides a mechanism for metabolic use of 5C sugars

A

PPP (Hexose monophosphate shunt)

310
Q

Retrieval of glucose from its storage form

A

Glycogenolysis (fasting state)

311
Q

Synthesis of storage form of carbohydrates from UDP-glucose

A

Glycogenesis

312
Q

Production of glucose from precursors such as lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, intermediates of glycolysis and TCA cycle

A

Gluconeogenesis

313
Q

Conversion of glucose to 2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

A

Glycolysis

314
Q

Brain, kidney, placenta

A

Glut-3

315
Q

Adipose tissue, skeletal and cardia muscle

A

Glut-4

316
Q

Absorption of fructose in small intestine by facilitated diffusion

A

Glut-5

317
Q

Liver and pancreas

A

Glut-2

318
Q

Brain and RBC

A

Glut-1

319
Q

Requires insulin

A

Glut-4

320
Q

D-galactose and L-galactose

A

Enantiomers

321
Q

Glucose and mannose

A

Epimers

322
Q

Galactose and mannose

A

Isomers

323
Q

a-D-fructose and B-D-fructose

A

Anomers

324
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide

325
Q

Sorbitol

A

Monosaccharide

326
Q

Lactose

A

Disaccharide

327
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide

328
Q

Mannose

A

Monosaccharide

329
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide

330
Q

Dimercaprol

A

Complex III inhibitor

331
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Complex IV

332
Q

Oligomycin

A

Direct inhibition of ATP synthase

Complex V

333
Q

Amytal

A

Complex I

334
Q

Aspirin

A

Uncoupler

335
Q

ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation

A

Complex V (ATP synthase)

336
Q

Generation of proton gradient

A

Complexes I, III, and IV

337
Q

Entry point for FADH2

A

Complex II

338
Q

Entry point for NADH

A

Complex I

339
Q

Only method of ATP production for RBCs

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

340
Q

Requires oxygen

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

341
Q

GTP from TCA

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

342
Q

NADPH and FADH2 from TCA

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

343
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

344
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

345
Q

Rate of information of products is the same as rate of formation of reactants

A

Zero

346
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

Negative

347
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Not enough information

348
Q

Energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants

A

Negative

349
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Positive

350
Q

Give the two ways in which your cells produce ATP

A
  1. Oxidative phosphorylation

2. Substrate level phosphorylation

351
Q

Free energy change under standard conditions (reactants and products at 1 mol/L)

A

Standard free energy change

352
Q

Measure of heat releases or absorbed during a reaction

A

Enthalpy

353
Q

Measure of randomness

A

Entropy

354
Q

Measure of energy available to do work

A

Change in free energy

355
Q

What is the formula for standard free energy?

A

^G = ^H - T^S

356
Q

Simvastatin’s effect on HMG-CoA reductase

Affinity of enzyme to the substrate is decreased

The structure of the inhibitor resembles the substrate

A

Competitive inhibition

357
Q

Malathion’s effect on acetylcholinesterase

The inhibitor and the substrate bind at different sites on the enzyme

Km does not change

Vmax is lowered

A

Non competitive inhibition

358
Q

Maximal velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

Vmax

359
Q

Substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is equal to 1/2 Vmax

A

Michaelis Constant

360
Q

Insulin

A

Protein

361
Q

Vitamin A

A

Lipid

362
Q

Sorbitol

A

Carbohydrate

363
Q

Inosine monophosphate

A

Nucleic acid

364
Q

Palmitate

A

Lipid

365
Q

Collagen

A

Protein

366
Q

cAMP

A

Nucleic acid

367
Q

Glycogen

A

Carbohydrates

368
Q

pKa above 7

A

Base

369
Q

pKa below 7

A

Acid

370
Q

Donates protons

A

Acid

371
Q

Accepts H+ ions

A

Base

372
Q

Explains how the free energy generated by the transport of electrons by the ETC is used to produce ATP from ADP+Pi

A

Mitchell chemiosmotic hypothesis

373
Q

This is a double reciprocal plot used to calculate Km and Vmax, as well as to determine the mechanism of action of enzyme inhibitors

A

Lineweaver-Burke plot

374
Q

This equation describes how reaction velocity varies with substrate concentration

A

Michaelis-Menten Equation

375
Q

This equation is used to calculate the concentration of a weak acid and it’s conjugate base

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

376
Q

Between C-G and A-T base pairs on DNA

A

Hydrogen bond

377
Q

Between nucleotides on a DNA strand

A

Phosphodiester bond

378
Q

Between ribose and adenine in adenosine monophosphate

A

B-N Glycosidic bond

379
Q

Between two cysteine residues in cystine

A

Disulfide bond

380
Q

Between serine and alanine in a protein

A

Peptide bond

381
Q

Between glycerol and it’s fatty acids

A

Ester bond

382
Q

Branching bond of glucosyl residues in glycogen

A

a(1-6) Glycosidic bond

383
Q

Primary bond of glucosyl residues in glycogen

A

a(1-4) Glycosidic bond

384
Q

Between glucose and galactose in lactose

A

Glycosidic bond

385
Q

Between a water molecule and another polar compound

A

Hydrogen bond

386
Q

pH at which the zwitterion is the predominant form of a chemical compound

A

Isoelectric pH

387
Q

Chemical compound that has a total net charge of zero

A

Zwitterion

388
Q

Any substance that resists a change in pH when protons are produced or consumed

A

Buffer

389
Q

Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

A

pH

390
Q

Used as a substitute for nitrogen in deep dives

A

Helium

391
Q

Aldehydes or ketones that contain hydroxyl groups

A

CARBOHYDRATES

392
Q

Saccharon

A

Sugar

393
Q

Major product of digestion of carbohydrates

A

GLUCOSE

394
Q

Role of glucose

A

Energy source

Metabolic fuel and intermediates

Structural framework of DNA and RNA

Structural elements of living things

Glycoconjugates serve as recognition sites of hormones, antigen specificity

Source of reducing equivalents (NADPH)

395
Q

Classification of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides

PEARLS PEARLS PEARLS 📌📌 (12 decks)

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