📌BIOCHEM PEALS COMPLETE Flashcards by Kringkring B

Inability to repair mismatch strand

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon

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Inability to repair thymine dimers

Xeroderma pigmentosum

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Triple repeat expansion

Huntington disease

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Caloric deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein

Marasmus

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Alcohol leads to fat accumulation in the liver

Fatty liver

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Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome due to absence of peroxisomes

Zellweger Syndrome

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Defect in peroxisomal activation of VLCFA leads to accumulation of VLCFA in the blood and tissues

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

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Accumulation of phytanic acid

Refsum’s disease

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Hypoglcin from unripe fruit of the akee tree inactivates medium and short chain actylCoA dehydrogenase

Jamaican vomiting sickness

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Excess TAGs and chylomicrons in blood leads to deposition in liver, skin, pancreas

Type I hyperglyceridemia

Genetic absence of lipoprotein lipase

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Elevated LDL cholesterol with increased risk for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease

Type II Hypercholesterolemia

LDL receptor deficiency

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Accumulation of fat in intestinal enterocytes and hepatocytes, with deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids

Abetalipoproteinemia

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Failure to thrive, salt-wasting, hypoglycemia, ambiguous genitalia

CAH

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Mental retardation, cherry red spot on macula, lysosomes with onion skin (but no heoatosplenomegaly) from accumulation of GM2 ganglioside

Tay-Sachs Disease

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Mental retardation, aseptic necrosis of femur, enlarged liver and spleen from accumulation of glucosylceramide

Gaucher’s disease

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Mental retardation, enlarged liver and spleen, cherry red spot on macula, foam cells from accumulation of sphingomyelin

Niemann-pick disease

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Acute arthritis with deposition of uric acid crystals

Gout

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Gout and self mutilation

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

HGPRT deficiency

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Severe combined immunodeficiency

ADA

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Abnormal growth Megaloblastic anemia, orotate in urine

Orotic acid urea

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Sickle cell disease

Point mutation

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Protein deprivation that is relative greater than the reduction in total calories

Kwashiorkor

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Photosensitivity, chronic inflammation to overt blistering and shearing in exposed areas of the skin due to defects in heme synthesis

Porphyrias

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Mental retardation from blocked degradation of branched-chain amino acids

MSVD

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Staghorn calculi due to inherited defect of renal tubular amino acid transporter

Cystinuria

Atherosclerosis, lens subluxation, stroke, myocardial infarction, osteoporosis, tall stature

Homocystinuria

Decreases pigmentation that increases risk for skin cancer

Albinism

Urine turns black upon standing with debilitating arthralgias

Alkaptonuria

Musty body odor, mental retardation, growth retardation, fair skin, eczema

Phenylketonuria

Severe mental retardation, coarse facial features, and skeletal abnormalities from accumulation of partially degraded glycoproteins in lysosomes

I-cell disease

Impaired transfer of copper from intestinal mucosal cells to the blood leading to growing retardation, mental deficiency and kinky hair

Menke's syndrome

Hepatolenticular degeneration from accumulation of copper in tissues, with low levels of ceruloplasmin

Wilson's disease

Panacinar emphysema and liver failure

A-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Aortic dilatation, dolichostenomelia, arachnodactyly

Mafran syndrome

Hereditary nephritis with sensorineural hearing loss

Alport's syndrome

The skin breaks and blisters as a result of minor trauma

Epidermolysis bullosa

Loose teeth, sore spongy gums, poor wound healing, petechiae on skin and mucous membranes

Scurvy

Berry aneurysms, hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints, tendency to bleed

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Blue sclera, multiple fractures, conductive hearing loss

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Spectrin deficiency causes spherical RBCs that are rapidly culled by the spleen

Hereditary spherocytosis

Synthesis of b-chains is decreased or absent

Beta thalassemia

Synthesis of a-chains is decreased or absent

Alpha thalassemia

Glutame is replaced by valine at position 6 of the b-globin chain, causing hemoglobin that polymerizes inside the RBC

Sickle cell disease

Fetal neurodenegerative diseases characterized by spongiform changes, astrocytic gliomas and neuronal loss

Prion disease

Progressive cognitive and behavioral impairment due to accumulation of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex

Alzheimer's disease

Fructosuria, severe hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, liver damage, jaundice

Fructose intolerance (Aldolate B deficiency)

Benign fructosuria

Fructokinase deficiency

Galactosemia, galactosuria, cataracts in averagely childhood

Galactokinase deficiency

Cataracts within a few days of birth, vomiting and diarrhea after milk ingestion, lethargy, hypotonia, mental retardation

Classic Galactosemia | Galactose 1P uridyltransferase deficiency

Recurrent pyogenic infections due to impairment of respiratory burst of neutrophils and monocytes

Chronic Granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase deficiency)

Decreased NADPH in RBCs leads to hemolytic anemia due to poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents

G6PD deficiency

Myoglobinuria with strenuous exercise

McArdle syndrome

Hepatomegaly, milder form of Von Gierke disease

Cori disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)

Cardiomegaly and heart failure from impaired glycogen metabolism

Pompe disease

Severe fasting, hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, elevated glycogen in liver

Von Gierke disease | Glucose 6-phosphate deficiency

Flatulence, cramps and diarrhea after ingestion of dairy products

Lactose intolerance

Chronic hemolytic anemia, most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

These antibiotics bind to the 50S subunit and inhibit translocation

Clindamycin and macrolides | Erythromycin, Azithromycin

These antibiotic prevents binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site

Tetracycline

This antibiotic inhibits prokaryotic peptidyltransferase and peptide bond formation

Chloramphenicol

This antimycobacterial drug inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Rifampicin

Toxicity from this antimycobaterial drug may be alleviated by administration of vitamin B6

Isoniazid

This antineoplastic drug inhibits thymidylate synthase and causes thymine-less cell death

5-Flouriuracil

These antibiotics interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting topoisomerase type II

Flouroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin)

This antibiotic interferes with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase

Trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole)

Inhibits xanthine oxidase, used in the treatment of gout

Allopurinol

Inhibits HMG CoA reductase, used in the treatment of Hypercholesterolemia

Statins

Anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit phospholipase A2 and decrease the production of arachnidonic acid

Steroids

These drugs decrease inflammation by reversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase

NSAIDS

These drugs decrease inflammation by selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2

Celecoxib, Etoricoxib

This drug irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase

Aspirin

This drug decreases inflammation in asthma by inhibiting lipooxygenase

Zileuton

These drugs are useful in asthma because they inhibit leukotriene receptors

Montelukast

This prostaglandin is useful in impotence and in keeping the ductus arteriosus patent

PGE1 (Alprostadil)

Oral antidiabetic drugs that reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting the conversion of complex starches, oligosaccharides, and disaccharides into monosaccharides

a-Glucosidase inhibitors

These antibiotics interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by competitively inhibiting dihydropteroate synthase

Sulfonamides

Conversion of proinsulin to insulin

Post-translational

Hydroxylation of collagen

Post-translational

Removal of introns

Post-transcriptional

Methylguanosine cap

Post-transcriptional

Give the codon coding for methionine

AUG

Give the 3 stop codon

UGA, UAA, UAG

Incoming aminoacyl tRNA

A site

Growing peptide chain

P site

Empty tRNA

E site

Codon always code for theme amino acid

Specific

Given amino acid may have more than one codon coding for it

Degenerate

Conversed from every early stages of evolution

Universal

mRNA processing and gene regulation

snRNA

3'-CCA sequence

tRNA

Poly-A tail

mRNA

Presence of unusual bases

tRNA

Carries genetic information from nuclear DNA to the cytosol

mRNA

Seals the nick between Okazaki fragments

Ligase

Excision of primers

DNA polymerase I

Elongation of leading strand

DNA polymerase III

maintains the separation of the parental strand

SS-DNA Binding Protein

Synthesis of RNA primer

Primase

Identifies origin of replication

DNA A protein

Removes superocoils

Topoisomerase

Unwinds double helix

Helikase

Sigma factor

Transcription

Lac Operon

Transcription

Shine Dalgarno sequence

Translation

Hogness box

Transcription, Eukaryotic

Pribnow box

Transcription, Prokaryotic

RNA to DNA

Reverse Transcription

DNA to DNA

Replication

RNA to protein

Translation

DNA to RNA

Transcription

More susceptible to hydrolysis

RNA

Usually double stranded

DNA

Uracil

RNA

Chargaff's rules

DNA

Which enzymes convert AMP to ADP and GMP to GDP?

Monophosphate Kinase

What enzyme converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides?

Ribonucleotide Reductase

What is the parent pyramidine?

OMP

What is the parent purine?

IMP

Ring can be opened and degraded to highly soluble structures

Pyramidine

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

Pyrimidine

Adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine

Purine

Ring is constructed on a performed ribose 5-phosphate

Purine

APRT and HGPRT for salvage pathway

Purine

PRPP is donor of ribose 5-phosphate

Purine and pyrimidine

Inorganic substance of bones and teeth

Fluorine

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Iodine

Cytochrome oxidase, dopamine b-hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase, tyrosinase

Copper

Carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, DNA and RNA polymerase

Zinc

Glutathione peroxidase

Selenium

Anemia and hemochromatosis

Iron

Conversion of propionyl CoA to glucose

Biotin; Vitamin B12

Increase iron absorption

Vitamin C

Anencephaly and spina bifida

Folic acid

Deficiency may result in hemolysis

Vitamin E

Teratogenic

Vitamin A

Retrieval of glucose residues from glycogen

Vitamin B6

Megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin B12/Folic acid

Co-factor for acyl transfers and component of fatty acid synthase

Vitamin B5

Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

Vitamin B3

Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in coagulation factors

Vitamin K

All aminotranferases

Vitamin B6

Condensation of glycine and succinyl CoA

Vitamin B6

Hartnup disease

Vitamin B3

Hydroxylation of collagen

Vitamin C

Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA

Biotin

Normalizes calcium levels in response to hypocalcemia

Vitamin D

Prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation

Vitamin E

Transketolase reactions in the HMP shunt

Vitamin B1

Phosphorylation glycogen synthase

Inhibited

High cAMP HMG CoA synthase

Activated

High epinephrine HMG CoA reductase

Inhibited

Low glucagon | Pyruvate kinase

Activated

High insulin | Glucose 6-phosphatase

Inhibited

Oligosaccharide in blood type B

Galactose

Determines charge selectiveness of renal glomerulus

Heparan sulfate

Attracts water into the ECM

Hyaluronic acid

Oligosaccharide in blood type A

N-Acetylgalactosaminase

Immunologic molecules

Immunoglobulins

Transport molecules

Transferrin

Lubricant and protective agent

Mucin

Located at sites of calcification of endochondral bone

Chondroitan sulfate

Important anticoagulant

Heparin

Lysine

Ketogenic

Purely glucogenic

Valine

Tyrosine

Glucogenic and Ketogenic

Pyruvate

Alanine

a-ketoglutarate

Glutamate

Oxaloacetate

Aspartate

Which 3 compounds are the immediate donors of the atoms of urea?

Free ammonia Aspartate Carbon dioxide

Through this enzyme, glutamine is delaminates to glutamate in the kidneys and intestines

Glutaminase

Through this enzyme, glutamine is synthesized from glutamate and ammonia

Glutamine synthase

Through this enzyme, glutamate is oxidatively deaminated to liberate free ammonia

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Through this enzyme, amino acids transfer their amino groups to glutamate

Aminotranferases

Give 3 compounds in which organisms excrete excess nitrogen

Ammonia Uric acid Urea

Malignancy

Negative nitrogen balance

Pregnancy

Positive nitrogen balance

Tendon, fascia, bone

Type I collagen

Nucleus purposus, vitreous body and cartilage

Type II

Most common type of collagen

Type I collagen

Basement membrane

Type IV collagen

Granulation tissue

Type III

Reticulin, blood vessels

Type III collagen

Y-tetramers in the newborn

Hemoglobin Barrts

Tetramers consisting of two a-chains and y-chains

Fetal hemoglobin

Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin for transport in the blood

Carbaminohemoglobin

Carbon monoxide binds tightly but reversibly to the hemoglobin iron

Carboxyhemoglobin

Oxidation of the heme component of hemoglobin to Fe3+, which cannot bind oxygen

Methemyoglobin

Non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hemoglobin, used to determine level of control of diabetes mellitus

HBA1C

Hemoglobin without any oxygen molecule bound to it

T form (T4)

Hemoglobin bound to 4 oxygen molecules

R form

Most abundant form in adults

Hemoglobin A (a-a-b-b)

Binds four molecules of oxygen at a time Binding of oxygen is affected by changes in pH and CO2 concentration Exists in taut and relaxed form Sigmoidal oxygen dissociation curve

Hemoglobin

Reservoir of oxygen Found in heart and skeletal muscle Only exhibits tertiary structure

Myoglobin

Contains heme

Hemoglobin and myoglobin

Domains Determine whether protein is globular or fibrous

Tertiary structure

Edman's reagent Sequence of amino acids

Primary structure

More than one polypeptide

Quarternary structure

Beta pleated sheet

Secondary structure

Precursor of homocysteine

Methionine

Precursor of glutathione Precursor of GABA

Glutamate

Precursor of tyrosine

Phenylalanine

Precursor of thyroid hormones Precursor of catecholamines Precursor of melanin

Tyrosine

Precursor of histamine Diagnosis of Folic acid deficiency Plays a role in oxygen binding to hemoglobin and myoglobin

Histidine

Precursor of melatonin Precursor of serotonin Precursor of niacin Largest side chain

Tryptophan

Precursor of nitric oxide

Arginine

Hemoglobin synthesis Smallest side chain

Glycine

Nutritionally essential amino acids

PVT TIM HALL

Transfer of methylgroups as SAM

Methionine

Causes kinks in collagen

Proline (Imino acid)

Basic amino acids

Histidine, Arginine, Lysin

Acidic amino acid

Aspartate and Glutamate

Important constituent of myelin

Sphingomyelin

Reservoir for arachnidonic acid in the membranes and precursor for IP3 and DAG

Phosphatidylinositol

Only glycerophospholipid that is antigenic

Cardiolipin

Major component of lung surfactant

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Degradation of TAG remaining in IDL

Hepatic Tag Lipase

Degradation of dietary TAG in small intestine

Pancreatic Lipase

Degradation of TAG stored in adipocytes

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

Activates LCAT to produce cholesteryl esters in HDL

Apo A-1

Binds to LDL receptor and mediates VLDL secretion

Apo B-100

Mediates uptake of chylomicron remnant

Apo-E

Activates lipoprotein lipase

Apo C-II

Mediates chylomicron secretion

Apo B-48

Highest cholesterol content Delivers cholesterol into cells

LDL

Highest protein content Shuttles apo C-II and apo E in the blood Reverse cholesterol transport

HDL

Highest triglyceride content Transport dietary triglyceride and cholesterol from intestine to tissues

Chylomicron

Protein moiety of lipoproteins

Apoproteins

Spherical macromolecular complexes composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a shell of amphipathic lipoproteins, phospholipid and monesterified cholesterol

Lipoprotein

Clinical manifestation of lipid malabsorption

Steatorrhea

Give 2 secondary bile acids

Lithocholic acid Deoxycholic acid

Give 2 molecules conjugated to bile acids to convert them to bile salts

Taurine, Glycine

Give 2 primary bile acids

Cholic acid Chenodeoxycholic acid

Enumerate 3 organs that can use ketones as fuel source

Muscle, renal cortex, brain in prolonged fast

Enumerate 3 ketone bodies

Acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutarate acetone

3-carbon compound that is a product of the oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids

Propionyl CoA

End product of fatty acid synthesis

Palmitic acid

Immediate precursor of prostaglandins

Linoleic and Linolenic

Fatty acids associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis

Trans-fatty acids and saturated fatty acids

Long chain of carboxylic acid with two or more double bones

Polyunsaturated

Long chain of carboxylic acid with one double bond

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Longer chain of carboxylic acid with no double bond

Saturated fatty acid

Cleaves a(1-4) and a(1-6) bonds to produce free glucose

Debranching enzyme

Cleaves a(1-4) bonds to produce glucose 1P

Glycogen phosphorylase

Transfer 5-8 glucosyl residues and creates a(1-6) linkages

Branching enzyme

Creates a(1-4) linkages and elongates the glycogen chains

Glycogen synthase

Succinate dehydrogenase

FADH2

Malate dehydrogenase

NADH

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH and Co2

Succinate thiokinase

GTP

Acetyl CoA to Palmitate

NADPH

Succinate to fumarate

FAD

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

NAD+FAD (plus 3 others)

Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

NAD+

Pyruvate to lactate

NADH

Alanine

Alanine aminotransferase

Ethanol

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Oxaloacetate

Pyruvate carboxylase

Lactate

Lactate dehydrogenase

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

High Vmax

Glucokinase

Low Km

Hexokinase

Phosphorylates glucose and other hexoses

Glucokinase and Hexokinase

Present in liver parenchymal cells and islet cells of the pancreas

Glucokinase

ATP required to create 1 molecule of urea

3 ATPs but 4 high energy bonds

ATPs produced from complete oxidation of palmitate

129

ATPs produced from complete oxidation of glucose

36 or 38

ATPs produced from each molecule of NADH in TCA

3 (complex I)

ATPs produced from each molecule of FADH2 in TCA

2 (complex II)

ATPs produced from aerobic glycolysis

6 or 8

ATPs produced from anaerobic glycolysis

Transport of cytosolic palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondria for beta oxidation

Carnitine shuttle

Transport of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA into the cytoplasm to produces 16-carbon fatty acid

Citrate shuttle

Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in liver, kidney and heart

Malate-Aspartate shuttle

Transport of cytosolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in muscle and brain

Glycerophosphate shuttle

Heme synthesis

Mitochondrial cytoplasm

Oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

Peroxisome

Degradation of glycogen by acid maltase

Lysosomes

Beta oxidation TCA cycle

Mitochondria

Fatty acid synthesis Hexose monophosphate shunt Glycolysis

Cytoplasm

Gluconeogenesis

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

Electron transport chain

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Hexoses monophosphate shunt

Liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, thyroid, testes, RBC, lactating mammaries

Electron transport chain

All cells with mitochondria and sufficient oxygen

Urea cycle

Liver

Ketogenesis

Liver

Gluconeogenesis

Liver and kidney

Liver and muscle

Glycogen synthesis

Glycolysis

All cells

Rate-limiting enzyme: DE NOVO PYRIMIDINE STNTHESIS

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

Rate-limiting enzyme: DE NOVO PURINE SYNTHESIS

GLUTAMINE PRPP AMINOTRANSFERASES

Rate-limiting enzyme: HEME SYNTHESIS

ALA synthase

Rate-limiting enzyme: UREA CYCLE

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

Rate-limiting enzyme: STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

Desmolase

Rate-limiting enzyme: BILE ACID SYNTHESIS

Cholesterol 7 a-hydroxylase

Rate-limiting enzyme: CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

HMG CoA synthase

Rate-limiting enzyme: lipolysis (b-oxidation)

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (or Carnitine Acyl transferase I)

Rate-limiting enzyme: lipogenesis

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Rate-limiting enzyme: TCA cycle

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Rate-limiting enzyme: hexose monophosphate shunt

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

Rate-limiting enzyme: glycogenesis

Glycogen synthase

Rate-limiting enzyme: gluconeogenesis

Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase

Rate-limiting enzyme: glycolysis

Phosphofructokinase-I (PRK-I)

Conversion of pyruvate to alanine

Anabolic

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Catabolic

Beta-oxidation

catabolic

Krebs cycle

Amphibolic

Glylcogenesis

Anabolic

Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 each donate a pair of electrons to a specialized set of electron carriers

ETC

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Tricaboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Produces NADapH, ribose 5P and provides a mechanism for metabolic use of 5C sugars

PPP (Hexose monophosphate shunt)

Retrieval of glucose from its storage form

Glycogenolysis (fasting state)

Synthesis of storage form of carbohydrates from UDP-glucose

Glycogenesis

Production of glucose from precursors such as lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, intermediates of glycolysis and TCA cycle

Gluconeogenesis

Conversion of glucose to 2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

Glycolysis

Brain, kidney, placenta

Glut-3

Adipose tissue, skeletal and cardia muscle

Glut-4

Absorption of fructose in small intestine by facilitated diffusion

Glut-5

Liver and pancreas

Glut-2

Brain and RBC

Glut-1

Requires insulin

Glut-4

D-galactose and L-galactose

Enantiomers

Glucose and mannose

Epimers

Galactose and mannose

Isomers

a-D-fructose and B-D-fructose

Anomers

Glycogen

Polysaccharide

Sorbitol

Monosaccharide

Lactose

Disaccharide

Cellulose

Polysaccharide

Mannose

Monosaccharide

Maltose

Disaccharide

Dimercaprol

Complex III inhibitor

Carbon monoxide

Complex IV

Oligomycin

Direct inhibition of ATP synthase | Complex V

Amytal

Complex I

Aspirin

Uncoupler

ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation

Complex V (ATP synthase)

Generation of proton gradient

Complexes I, III, and IV

Entry point for FADH2

Complex II

Entry point for NADH

Complex I

Only method of ATP production for RBCs

Substrate level phosphorylation

Requires oxygen

Oxidative phosphorylation

GTP from TCA

Substrate level phosphorylation

NADPH and FADH2 from TCA

Oxidative phosphorylation

Electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation

Anaerobic glycolysis

Substrate level phosphorylation

Rate of information of products is the same as rate of formation of reactants

Zero

Spontaneous reaction

Negative

Endothermic reaction

Not enough information

Energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants

Negative

Endergonic reaction

Positive

Give the two ways in which your cells produce ATP

1. Oxidative phosphorylation | 2. Substrate level phosphorylation

Free energy change under standard conditions (reactants and products at 1 mol/L)

Standard free energy change

Measure of heat releases or absorbed during a reaction

Enthalpy

Measure of randomness

Entropy

Measure of energy available to do work

Change in free energy

What is the formula for standard free energy?

^G = ^H - T^S

Simvastatin's effect on HMG-CoA reductase Affinity of enzyme to the substrate is decreased The structure of the inhibitor resembles the substrate

Competitive inhibition

Malathion's effect on acetylcholinesterase The inhibitor and the substrate bind at different sites on the enzyme Km does not change Vmax is lowered

Non competitive inhibition

Maximal velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Vmax

Substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is equal to 1/2 Vmax

Michaelis Constant

Insulin

Protein

Vitamin A

Lipid

Sorbitol

Carbohydrate

Inosine monophosphate

Nucleic acid

Palmitate

Lipid

Collagen

Protein

cAMP

Nucleic acid

Glycogen

Carbohydrates

pKa above 7

Base

pKa below 7

Acid

Donates protons

Acid

Accepts H+ ions

Base

Explains how the free energy generated by the transport of electrons by the ETC is used to produce ATP from ADP+Pi

Mitchell chemiosmotic hypothesis

This is a double reciprocal plot used to calculate Km and Vmax, as well as to determine the mechanism of action of enzyme inhibitors

Lineweaver-Burke plot

This equation describes how reaction velocity varies with substrate concentration

Michaelis-Menten Equation

This equation is used to calculate the concentration of a weak acid and it's conjugate base

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Between C-G and A-T base pairs on DNA

Hydrogen bond

Between nucleotides on a DNA strand

Phosphodiester bond

Between ribose and adenine in adenosine monophosphate

B-N Glycosidic bond

Between two cysteine residues in cystine

Disulfide bond

Between serine and alanine in a protein

Peptide bond

Between glycerol and it's fatty acids

Ester bond

Branching bond of glucosyl residues in glycogen

a(1-6) Glycosidic bond

Primary bond of glucosyl residues in glycogen

a(1-4) Glycosidic bond

Between glucose and galactose in lactose

Glycosidic bond

Between a water molecule and another polar compound

Hydrogen bond

pH at which the zwitterion is the predominant form of a chemical compound

Isoelectric pH

Chemical compound that has a total net charge of zero

Zwitterion

Any substance that resists a change in pH when protons are produced or consumed

Buffer

Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

Used as a substitute for nitrogen in deep dives

Helium

Aldehydes or ketones that contain hydroxyl groups

CARBOHYDRATES

Saccharon

Sugar

Major product of digestion of carbohydrates

GLUCOSE

Role of glucose

Energy source Metabolic fuel and intermediates Structural framework of DNA and RNA Structural elements of living things Glycoconjugates serve as recognition sites of hormones, antigen specificity Source of reducing equivalents (NADPH)

Classification of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides