Physio Flashcards by Kringkring B

Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

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Contains DNA, histones & chromosomes

Has nucleolus

NUCLEUS

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Involve in detoxification,lipid synthesis, lipid-soluble substances —> water-soluble substances

SER or Agranular

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For synthesis of proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell

RER

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For synthesis of proteins bound for the cytoplasm and mitochondria

Free-floating ribosomes

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For packaging, molecular tagging and synthesis of hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate

Golgi Apparatus

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Replenishes the cell membrane

May contain proenzymes, NTs

Secretory vesicles

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For regression of tissues and AUTOLYSIS

suicide bags of the cells

Destroys FBs

Lysosomes

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Degrades membrane-associated proteins

Not membrane bound

Proteosome

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Contains oxidases, catalases

For detoxification

Peroxisome

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SER & RER is abundant

Liver

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Specialized SER in the skeletal muscles

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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Specialized RER in the neuron

Nissl substance

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Only substance modified in the RER, not in Golgi

Collagen

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Found in lysosome-bound proteins

Mannose 6-phosphate

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Lipofuscin accumulates in this organelle

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes &

Peroxisome origins

Golgi apparatus

SER

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Motor protein causing transport from the cell body to the neural fibril

Kinesin

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“Whip-like” movement on the cell surface found in the respiratory airways and Fallopian tubes

Ciliary movement

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What is the common component of the protoplasm

Water

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What is the common component of the cell membrane

Protein

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The cell membrane is permeable to NON-POLAR molecules

True

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Disk-shaped

For firm intercellular adhesion (eg epithelium)

Macula adherens

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For communication (eg cardiac and smooth muscle cells)
Unitary smooth muscle

Gap junctions

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Ring-shaped Increases surface area contact

Zonula adherens

Reticular Either "tight" (BBB, CD, terminal colon) or "leaky" (PCT, jejunum); divides cell into apical and basolateral borders

Zonula occludens

Functional unit of a gap junction

Connexon

Movement of substances in both apical side and basolateral side

Transcellular transport

Movement of substances through tight junctions

Paracellular transport

Clathrin SNARE proteins

Endocytosis Exocytosis

What's the most common compound on your body?

Water

What's the most common protein in your body?

Collagen

What's the most common amino acid in your body?

Glycine

Which of the following has a reflection coefficient closer to one?

Albumin

Passive, downhill, non-carrier-mediated Gases, alcohol, steroid hormones

Simple diffusion

Passive, downhill, carrier-mediated Glut-1,2,3,4,5

Facilitated diffusion

Active, uphill, carrier-mediated, uses ATP Na-K-ATPase pump, proton pump

Primary active transport

Active, uphill, carrier-mediated, uses Na gradient SGLT-1, SGLT-2, Na-K-2Cl

Secondary active transport

Example of IMPERMEANT solute

Glucose

Example of PERMEANT solute

UREA

Effective osmole used in the treatment of brain edema

Mannitol

Osmotic pressure from large molecules (protein)

Oncotic pressure

Weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water

Specific gravity

Stereospecificity, Saturation and Competition are hallmarks of carrier- or non-carrier mediated transport?

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane: PMCA Ca-ATPase in the SR & ER: SERCA. TRUE OR FALSE?

True

Osmoles per Liter of Water: osmolaRITY or osmolaLITY?

osmolaRITY

Normal osmolarity of both ECF & ICF (including CSF)?

300 mOsm/L

A RBC has an osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L. What will happen to the RBC if it's places in a solution of: 1. 300 mOsm/L Sucrose 2. 300 mOsm/L Urea

No change swell

Activates G-proteins: Guanine Nucleotide Exchange (GEFs), GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPS), regulation of protein signaling (RGS protein)

GEFs

EEG wave: relaxed

Alpha wave

EEG wave: alert ; REM sleep

Beta wave

EEG wave: deep sleep

Delta wave

Substance suspected to induce sleep

Muramyl peptide

Percentage of REM sleep in newborns

50%

Master clock

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Regulates master clock

Pineal gland

Detects movement of objects name low-frequency vibration; found in glabrous skin

Meissner's corpuscle

For continuous touch; grouped into Iggo Dome Receptors

Merkel's disks

Detects movement of objects in skin

Hair-end organ

For pressure; for heavy and prolonged touch; found in deep skin, internal tissues and joint capsules

Ruffini's end organ

For high-frequency vibration; onion-like in structure

Pacinian corpuscle

Retinal glial cells that maintain internal geometry

Mueller cells

Retinal output cells whose axons from the optic nerve

Ganglion cells

Interneurons that connect rods & cones; Contrast detectors

Bipolar cells

Absorbs stray light and prevent them from scattering Site of macular degeneration & retinal detachment

Pigment epithelium

The first and most powerful structure of the optical system

Cornea

Center of our central vision

Fovea

Enable the lens to change its shape

Zonula

Middle vascular layer of the eye

Uvea

Film of the eye

Retina

Area of the eyes with no sensory cells

Optic disk

First part of brain to receive visual input

Optic chiasm

Relay station of the virtual cortex

Lateral geniculate body

Keep images focused in the retina

Lens

Layer of blood vessel that supplies blood to the retina

Choroid

Where aqueous humor is produced

Ciliary body

In glaucoma, these structures are blocked

Canal of SCHLEMM

Voluntary Most number of SR No surface calcium channels

Skeletal muscle

Contains gap junctions Contains surface Ca-ATPase and Na-Ca exchanger

Cardiac muscle

Uses MLCK, Calmodulim, Caldesmon Contains surface Ca-ATPase and Na-Ca exchanger No Sarcomeres, striations, troponin Myosin-based regulation Contains dense bodies, caveoli, rudimentary SR

Smooth muscle

Peak or tall T waves

Hyperkalemia

Prolonged QT interval

Hypocalcemia

Prolonged PR interval

Heart blocks

ST segment elevation

Q wave MI or STEMI

An increase venous return will increase the HEART RATE

Bainbridge reflex

An increase in venous return will increase the STROKE VOLUME

Frank-Starling mechanism

AV block that cause fainting in patients due to the initially suppressed state of the Purkinje fibers

Strokes-Adams Syndrome

Powerful systemic vasoconstriction that starts at a BP<60 and optimal at BP=15

CNS Ischemic Response

Hypertension Irregular respiration and bradycardia due to activation of the CNS ischemic response and baroreceptor reflex

Cushion reaction/reflex

Atrial contraction (distal 3rd of diastole) Contraction of ventricles (isovolumic contraction) Venous blood going to the atrium (isovolumic relaxation)

A wave, C wave, V wave

Caused by attempted backflow of blood during isovolumic relaxation

Incisura/Dicrotic notch

Increased ventricular pressure but same ventricular volume

Isovolumic contraction

Decreases ventricular pressure but same ventricular volume

Isovolumic relaxation

Closure of AV valves

Closure of semilunar valves

Rapid ventricular filling (flow of blood from atrium to ventricles)

Atrial contraction/atrial systole

Control conduits May rapidly dilate and constrict A1-vasoconstricts B2-vasodilates

Arterioles

Stressed volume Highest pressure

Arteries

Large cross-sectional area Endothelial cells only

Capillaries

Capacitance vessels, 64% of blood found here! with one-way valves

Veins

Drains proteins and fluids from the interstitium, carries chylomicrons and involved in immunity and cancer

Lymphatic vessels

Forced exerted by blood against the blood vessel wall

Blood pressure

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time

Cardiac output

Amount of blood pumped per heart beat

Systolic volume

Pressure at the level of arteries and arterioles that opposes blood coming out of the heart

TPR/SVR | Total peripheral resistance/systemic vascular resistance

Number of heartbeats per minute

Heart rate

Amount of blood in the ventricle immediately before systole

End diastolic volume

Amount of blood in the ventricle immediately before diastole

End systolic volume

Ventricular contraction

Systole

Ventricular relaxation

Diastole

Low volume end diastolic volume

Preload

Aortic pressure

Afterload

Systole-Diastole

Pulse pressure

Right atrial pressure = 0mmHg

CVP Central venous pressure

2/3 diastole + 1/3 systole

MAP Mean arterial pressure

Used to estimate L arterial pressure

PCWP Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

Changes in HR

Chronotrope

Changes in cardiac contractility

Into rope

Changes in conduction velocity

Dromotrope

Changes in rate of relaxation

Lusitrope

Workhouse of the nephron

Proximal convoluted tubule

Impermeable to water

Ascending limb

Impermeable to solutes

Descending limb

Site of aldosterone action

Distal tubule

Site of ADH action

Collecting duct

Countercurrent multiplier Creates the gradient

Loop of Henle

Countercurrent exchanger Preserves the gradient

Vasa recta

What are the 3 urinary buffers?

NaHCO3 NaHPO4 NH4

Insulin, aldosterone, B-adrenergic stimulation, alkalosis

Potassium influx

Insulin deficiency, Addison's disease, B-adrenergic blockage, acidosis, cell lysis, strenuous exercise, increase ECF osmolarity

Potassium efflux

Effect on GFR in afferent vasodilation

Increases

Effect on GFR in moderate efferent vasoconstriction

Increases

Effect on GFR in afferent vasoconstriction, efferent vasodilation, severe efferent vasoconstriction

Decreases

What is the formula for Reynold's Number?

RN= (diameter) (velocity) (density) / (viscosity)

What is the significance of a high Reynold's number?

Higher possibility of turbulence

What would happen to the Reynold's number if there is decreased blood viscosity or increased blood velocity?

Increase

What coronary artery is most susceptible to atherosclerosis?

LAD

Vif that occurs after blunt trauma to the heart immediately before the peak of the T wave

Commotio Cordis

What is the effect of endurance training and strength exercises on LV volume and LV wall thickness?

Endurance training: increase LV volume alone Strength exercises: increase LV wall thickness alone

Reservoir of blood in the circulatory system Has greater capacitance/compliance

Veins

What is the hormone that counteracts the effect of aldosterone and ADH?

ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide

The plateau in cardiac action potential is found in what phase?

Phase 2

Most potent vasoconstrictor

ADH

Substance involved in vasodilator theory (Metabolic theory)

Adenosine

Vasoconstrictor, involved in migraine

Serotonin

Responsible for angiogenesis

VEGF

Vasoconstrictor; released by damaged endothelium

Endothelin

Arteriolar dilation, venous constriction

Bradykinin, Histamine

Counteracts TXA2

PGI2

What causes phase 2 in cardiac action potential? What causes depolarization in SA node action potential?

Calcium influx

Which Na+ channel accounts for SA node automaticity?

If channels (slow "funny" Na channels)

Fastest conduction velocity

Bundle of His

Conduction velocity is dependent on

Size of inward current

What is the normal Ejection fraction?

55% (EF=SV/EDV)

Local control of blood flow

Metabolic hypothesis

First two events in hemostasis

Vasoconstriction Formation of platelet plug

Last two events in hemostasis

Blood coagulation Resolution

Lyses Fibrin

Plasmin

Vit K dependent clotting factors

Factor X, IX, VII, II, Protein C and S

Responsible for platelet ADHESION

vWF, Gp 1b

Responsible for AGGREGATION

Fibrinogen, Gp IIb-IIIa

Initiates EXTRINSIC pathway

Tissue factor (Factor III)

Initiates INTRINSIC pathway

Hagemann Factor (Factor XII)

Which substance is released due to shear stress on endothelial cells and dilates upstream blood vessels?

EDRF/NO | Endothelium-derived relaxing factor/ nitric oxide

Which prostaglandins act as vasoconstrictors?

PGF, TXA2/PGA2

Which prostaglandins act as vasodilators?

PGE, PGI

4 causes of high-output cardiac failure

Beri-beri AV fistula Hyperthyroidism Anemia

BP from sitting to standing position TPR during exercise Venous blood volume during hemorrhage

Decrease

HR from sitting to standing position

Increase

Sites of production of RBCs in order

Yolk sac/AGM (3rd week) Liver (3 mos) Spleen Bone marrow

Substrates for heme synthesis

TCA intermediate succinyl CoA and amino acid glycine

"Constant load delivered to distal tubule"

Tubuloglomerular feedback

"Percentage of solute reabsorbed is held constant"

Glomerulotubular balance

In tubuloglomerular feedback, the substrate that VASOCONSTRICTS afferent arterioles

Adenosine

What is the renal threshold for glucose

200mg/dL

Which substances do not have transport maximum and renal threshold?

Sodium, and all passively transported solutes | Chloride and urea

Absorb Na and H2O and secrete K

Principal cells

Absorb K and secrete H

Intercalated cells (interstitial cells)

Secrete EPO

Peritubular capillaries

Detects changes in sodium concentration in the distal tubule

Macula Densa

Triggers for aldosterone secretion

Decreased ECF volume | Hyperkalemia

Increases gluconeogenesis, insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, blood amino acids Also has anti-inflammatory effects and upregulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles

Cortisol

What is the specific site of production of cortisol Has the largest area of the adrenal cortex

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Chronic high cortisol levels may cause diabetes and HPN

True

Addison's disease is due to high levels of aldosterone

False

21B hydroxylase deficiency causes virilization

True

Which substance is released due to shear stress on endothelial cells and dilates upstream blood vessels?

EDRF/NO | Endothelium-derived relaxing factor/ nitric oxide

Which prostaglandins act as vasoconstrictors?

PGF, TXA2/PGA2

Which prostaglandins act as vasodilators?

PGE, PGI

4 causes of high-output cardiac failure

Beri-beri AV fistula Hyperthyroidism Anemia

BP from sitting to standing position TPR during exercise Venous blood volume during hemorrhage

Decrease

HR from sitting to standing position

Increase

Sites of production of RBCs in order

Yolk sac/AGM (3rd week) Liver (3 mos) Spleen Bone marrow

Substrates for heme synthesis

TCA intermediate succinyl CoA and amino acid glycine

"Constant load delivered to distal tubule"

Tubuloglomerular feedback

"Percentage of solute reabsorbed is held constant"

Glomerulotubular balance

In tubuloglomerular feedback, the substrate that VASOCONSTRICTS afferent arterioles

Adenosine

What is the renal threshold for glucose

200mg/dL

Which substances do not have transport maximum and renal threshold?

Sodium, and all passively transported solutes | Chloride and urea

Absorb Na and H2O and secrete K

Principal cells

Absorb K and secrete H

Intercalated cells (interstitial cells)

Secrete EPO

Peritubular capillaries

Detects changes in sodium concentration in the distal tubule

Macula Densa

Triggers for aldosterone secretion

Decreased ECF volume | Hyperkalemia

Increases gluconeogenesis, insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, blood amino acids Also has anti-inflammatory effects and upregulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles

Cortisol

What is the specific site of production of cortisol Has the largest area of the adrenal cortex

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Chronic high cortisol levels may cause diabetes and HPN

True

Addison's disease is due to high levels of aldosterone

False

21B hydroxylase deficiency causes virilization

True

Which substance is released due to shear stress on endothelial cells and dilates upstream blood vessels?

EDRF/NO | Endothelium-derived relaxing factor/ nitric oxide

Which prostaglandins act as vasoconstrictors?

PGF, TXA2/PGA2

Which prostaglandins act as vasodilators?

PGE, PGI

4 causes of high-output cardiac failure

Beri-beri AV fistula Hyperthyroidism Anemia

BP from sitting to standing position TPR during exercise Venous blood volume during hemorrhage

Decrease

HR from sitting to standing position

Increase

Sites of production of RBCs in order

Yolk sac/AGM (3rd week) Liver (3 mos) Spleen Bone marrow

Substrates for heme synthesis

TCA intermediate succinyl CoA and amino acid glycine

"Constant load delivered to distal tubule"

Tubuloglomerular feedback

"Percentage of solute reabsorbed is held constant"

Glomerulotubular balance

In tubuloglomerular feedback, the substrate that VASOCONSTRICTS afferent arterioles

Adenosine

What is the renal threshold for glucose

200mg/dL

Which substances do not have transport maximum and renal threshold?

Sodium, and all passively transported solutes | Chloride and urea

Absorb Na and H2O and secrete K

Principal cells

Absorb K and secrete H

Intercalated cells (interstitial cells)

Secrete EPO

Peritubular capillaries

Detects changes in sodium concentration in the distal tubule

Macula Densa

Triggers for aldosterone secretion

Decreased ECF volume | Hyperkalemia

Increases gluconeogenesis, insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, blood amino acids Also has anti-inflammatory effects and upregulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles

Cortisol

What is the specific site of production of cortisol Has the largest area of the adrenal cortex

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

Chronic high cortisol levels may cause diabetes and HPN

True

Addison's disease is due to high levels of aldosterone

False

21B hydroxylase deficiency causes virilization

True

Which hormone is responsible for milk production

Prolactin

Which hormone is responsible for milk secretion

Oxytocin

Where is ADH synthesized, stored and secreted?

Synthesized in hypothalamus, stored and secreted in posterior pituitary

Where will you find your thyroglobulin?

Thyroid gland

Thyroid hormone predominant in the plasma

93% TH Half-life: more (6 days) More affinity for binding plasma protein Less to bind to nuclear receptor (10%) 4x slower (2 days)

7% TH Half-life: less (1 day) Less affinity for binding plasma protein More binding to nuclear receptor (90%) 4x faster (12hours)

Skin ulcer, depressed immune response and hypo gonadal dwarfism

Zinc deficiency

Autosomal recessive disorder causing zinc deficiency leading to with dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

Proximal half of the colon

Absorption

Location of the chemoreceptors trigger zone

Area postrema

Slow waves are generated by what type of pacemaker cells

Interstitial cells of Cajal

Enzyme converts pancreatic trypsinogen to trypsin

Enterokinase

Part of liver stores vitamins

Ito cells

Functional unit of the liver

Liver acinus model

4 basic layers of the GI tract

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa

Layer NOT seen in the esophagus

Serosa

Stronger layer of the esophagus

Submucosa

3 layers of the stomach

Inner oblique Middle circular Outer longitudinal

Contraction of inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle layer

Auerbach's plexus

Contraction of muscularis mucosa

Meissner's plexus

Absent in Hirchsprung's disease

Both Auerbach's and Meissner's plexus

Most common symptom of decompression sickness

"Bends"

First symptom at 120 feet below sea level

Joviality

Effect of weightlessness on the bones

Loss of calcium and phosphate

Maximum positive at force before you lose consciousness

+6G

5 mechanisms for acclimatization too low PO2

Inc RR, polycythemia, inc diffusing capacity of O2, inc vascularity, inc ability of cell to use O2

Naturally acclimatized people have _ hearts, _ chest, _ body mass

Larger, larger, smaller

Promotes front of fetus, maternal insulin resistance, maternal lipolysis and is an index of placental well being

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS)

What is the strength per square centimeter of x-sec area for both men and women?

3-4 kg/cm2

During exercise, when is power maximal?

During the first 8-10 seconds

Energy system used in the first 10 seconds of an athletic event

Phosphagn energy system

Anaerobic energy system utilized for 1.3 - 1.6 mins in sports like tennis and soccer

Glycogen-lactic acid system

Energy system used in marathon and long distance swimming

Aerobic system

Cardiac reserve

400-600%

Acute effects of hypoxia begin at _ feet

12,000 feet

Seizures begin at _ feet

18,000 feet

Most powerful

Estradiol

Main hormone involved in the follicular phase

Estrogen

Initiates spermatogenesis

FSH

Absence of this hormone is responsive for the development of female external genitalia

Testosterone

How many degree Celsius cooler os the testes compared to the abdominal cavity

2 degrees Celsius cooler

Sperm formation

Seminiferous tubules

Sperm motility

Epididymis

Sperm storage

Vas deferens

Production of fructose, prostaglandin

Seminal vesicle

Contributes to semen alkalinity

Prostate gland

Supplies mucus

Bulbourethral | Urethral glands

Responsible for bone deposition

Osteoblast

Responsible for bone resorption; secretes lysosomal enzymes (for organic matrix), citric acid, lactic acid (both for calcium salts)

Osteoclast

Who among the ff is in negative calcium balance-pregnant women, children or post-op patients

Post-op patients

Hormone suspected to initiate puberty

Melatonin

First event in puberty

Testicular enlargement Breast enlargement

Active form of vitamin D

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

What is the effect of testosterone on athletic performance?

Increases muscle size, muscle strength and aggression

Increases intestinal calcium absorption Decreases calcium and phosphate excretion but increases urinary calcium Calcium deposition at RDA levels Calcium resorption if >RDA levels Calcium and phosphate reabsorption (kidneys)

VITAMIN D

Decreases calcium excretion Increase phosphate excretion Calcium and phosphate resorption (BONES)

PTH