Puffinus puffinus Flashcards
central place foraging theory
animals will only increase their distance to prey patches for better foraging opportunities
Ashmole’s halo
zone of depletion
foraging distance affected by
- prey availability
- intra-specific competition
- colony size
- breeding stage
what will climate change affect in seabird populations?
- energy expenditure
- trophic modifications
- seafloor aspect
- sea surface temperature
- depth
- salinity
- maximum current speed
- partner blaming hypothesis and divorce rates
how does urbanisation affect seabird populations?
light pollution affects nocturnal locomotion; causes fallout
describe mortality events in seabird populations
- low juvenile survival rates due to independent migration; high dispersal
- long breeding deferral period
migration adaptations
- light
- magnetoreception
- inherent migratory memory
- celestial cues
what affects migration?
- cloud cover
- wind speed
- wind direction
- moon illuminance
describe seabird populations
- initally viscous, then highly dispersed
fledgling birds are
unlikely to be captured again
why is migration not in a straight line
- exploration
- alternative foraging grounds
- learning phase
describe seabird parenting
- obligate biparental carers (selection of extreme)
- co-operative
- active co-ordination of nest attendance to avoid protracted incubation shift
- communication of individual quality
- dual foraging strategy (interspersed with synchronous visits)
what does co-operative parenting allow
- maximise benefit (fitness returns)
- minimise cost
what controls mate selection in seabirds?
- sexual selection (via the Fischerian runaway model)
- Westermarck effect?
- similar foraging trip duration
what might you need to take into account in seabird experiments:
- egg failure
- grounding events
- sex differences
- temporal differences
- anthropogenic interference
- is the measure relative?
- is the measure accurate? can it be explained by coparental compensation
incubation tactic of seabirds
- no negotiation
- sit and wait
struggles seabirds face
- habitat loyalty
- inability to adapt foraging behaviour dynamically
foraging
gains
long-lived species are selected to
- prioritise their own condition
- iteroparenty: partition between self-maintenance and reproduction
seabird adaptations
eggs resistant to chilling
iteroparous parents
- current breeding attempt vs future reproductive success generates conflict via parental investment theory
behavioural adaptations of seabirds
- begging behaviour; honest signalling
- brood guarding
deleterious effects of biologging
- increased mass (movement cost)
- increased drag (air disruption)
- modified centre of mass
- stress induction
- increased wastage over tag preening
movement costs are relative to
intrinsic energy ceiling
foraging time depends on
- flight behaviour
- rest behaviour
nest attendance
nest relief
allopreening
- used to co-ordinate nest relief
when considering investigations of pathology, consider
- delayed symptom presentation (asymptomatism)
- colour changes
- contamination
- cryptic associations
- can sufficient genomic DNA be liberated?
Koch’s postulates
- The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
- The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
- The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
- The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
Diversity within protist clades
- DNA polymerase errors
- strain variation
- intranuclear variation
What do mutations allow us to do?
- ascertain biogeographical structure and distribution
- insights into host/microbe coevolution
pathogen pollution
unintentional spread of pathogens through translocation of captive-bred organisms for trade, food and commerce
What does PCR allow?
stepwise discrimination
endosymbiotic theory
- mitochondria appear to be phylogenetically related to Rickettsiales proteobacteria
- chloroplasts: nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria
- new mitochondria and plastids are formed only through binary fission
- single circular DNA
