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Interview Prep > 2021 Additions > Flashcards

2021 Additions Flashcards

1
Q

Together (the models) provide

A

complementary and mutually helpful sets of information to - elaborate neural circuitry

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2
Q

NHP models elucidate

A

the molecular and cellular substrates underlying ASD

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3
Q

NHP assays, in conjunction with

A

pharmacologic or system-level manipulations (e.g. stimulation) used to advance ASD etiology understanding

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4
Q

NHP models use CRISPR to

A

disrupt the typical developmental trajectory of neural connectivity and synaptogenesis

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5
Q

Non-human primates are used because

A
  • they have a deep homology in brain circuitry mediating social behaviour and reward
  • variation in social behaviour and reward
  • reasonable behavioural correlates
  • paradigm and therapeutic translation
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6
Q

Dependent variables in NHP assays

A
  • degree of social impairment
  • multisensory (audiovisual) integration
  • spectrogram of coo vocalisation
  • hyper/hypoactivity
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7
Q

TD =

A

typically developing

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8
Q

What are the NHP behavioural correlates?

A
  • meaningful vocalisations
  • mother-offspring bonding
  • biparental
  • monogamous
  • social ecologies
  • isomorphic (especially in gametes)
  • discriminate between in-group and out-group members
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9
Q

ASC etiology of social

A

processing

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10
Q

Describe NHP social ecologies

A
  • aggregation into hierarchically organised social groups with dominance status (integration)
  • regulate behaviour according to dominance rank
  • use visual cues to assess reproductive quality
  • social information has intrinsic value
  • social interaction is required for normal emotional development
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11
Q

How is a NHP brain similar to human?

A
  • neurons in the auditory cortex and superior temporal sulcus region bind together auditory and visual information in order to provide an integrated representation of social communication
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12
Q

Why are mouse models useful?

A
  • precision and tractability
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13
Q

Give an example of an ethologically relevant measure of pro-sociality in mice

A

social sniffing displays (there is no obvious analog in humans)

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14
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A
  • selecting the appropriate behavior based on its anticipated value
  • activated during tasks involving mentalizing and self knowledge
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15
Q

amygdala

A

contributes to tagging emotionally relevant objects in the environment

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16
Q

temporo-parietal regions

A

perceiving and orienting towards visually salient information

17
Q

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

A

responds to a specific type of species-typical vocalization

18
Q

lateral intraparietal (LIP) region of the macaque

A
  • responds to preceding gaze shifts to a particular region of space
  • neural firing enhanced by social gaze
19
Q

Gaze-following is a precursor to

A

joint attention

20
Q

ASC symptoms in NHPs

A
  • perseveration
  • ultrasonic vocalisation patterns
  • diminished capacity for social responsivity
  • STS function is altered responding to visual social cues
21
Q

perseveration

A

the repetition of a particular response, regardless of the cessation of a stimulus

22
Q

NHP practical techniques

A
  • brain-slice in vitro-preparations
  • longitudinal or developmental studies
  • behavioural assays
  • reversal-learning performance in a t-maze
  • neural manipulation
  • in vivo neuroimaging
  • postmortem pathology
  • non-invasive eye-tracking
  • quantification of reciprocal social interactions
  • anatomical tracer injections
  • reward allocation test
23
Q

Give an example of neural manipulation

A
  • intranasal appliactions of oxytocins
24
Q

tripartite approach

A

integrating clinical studies in humans, genetic manipulations in mice, and neural systems studies in non human primates

25
Q

What did Jane Goodall do?

A

Created a behavioural ethogram demonstrating indices of enriched social repertoire, signifying distinct behavioural correlates and homologies with humans, that suggested the use of NHPs in modelling.

26
Q

Why Drosophila?

A
  • life cycle of only 12 days; can study 24 generations of this species in a year.
  • bear a strong resemblance to human genes a
  • small; easy to maintain
  • large (hundreds) progeny
  • hereditary variants can be distinguished under low-power microscope
  • can breed throughout the year
  • heteromorphic sex chromosomes

Interview Prep (11 decks)

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