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Question 1

So what have heavy metals got to do with anything

Answer 1

Cause activation of microglial immune cytokines

Question 2

What has glutamate got to do with anything

Answer 2

Causes activation of microglial cytokines

Question 3

What determines severity of autism?

Answer 3

The stage at which the immune/excitotoxic stress caused by activation of microglial and the consequent release of cytokines, ROS and excitotoxins - brain dysfunction

Question 4

An excess of extraneural glutamate

Answer 4

Can interfere with neuronal migration patterns, differentiation and synaptic development - abnormal brain architecture

Question 5

Excitotoxicity

Answer 5

Activation of NMDA receptors by excessive glutamate

Question 6

Brain cell death usually occurs

Answer 6

• impaired uptake if glutamate by glial transporters

* regulated by NF-κB

Question 7

TNF-α induces

Answer 7

• IκB dégradation pathway
• triggers NF-κB nuclear translocation
• represses glial transporter
• elevates extracellular glutamate
• increases risk of glutamate toxicity

Question 8

Dopamine dégradation causing neuro inflammation

Answer 8

Dopamine dégradation - ROS (toxic)
Dopamine cyclized o-quinone -> dopamine cyclized o-semiquinone -> NADPH depletion + o2 -> oxygen superoxide + dopamine-cyclized o-quinone

Question 9

Dopamine dégénération

Answer 9

O-quinone + cysteine residues on glutathione/proteins -> cisteinyl-dopamine conjugates.

-> N-acetylcysteinyl dopamine thioether - apoptosis of dopamine cells

Question 10

Stereotypy

Answer 10

norepinephrine deficiency

Question 11

GAD functional connectivity

Answer 11

reduces resting-state functional connectivity between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex

Question 12

Sustained threat

Answer 12

1. Corticotropin-releasing factor is released from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus into the primary capillary plexus if the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
2. Stimulates synthesis of propiomelancortin by the anterior pituitary
3. Synthesis and release of cortisol from kidneys
4. Shuts down hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal glands

Question 13

Sustained threat and anxiety

Answer 13

Dysregulation of the neuroendocrine system that contributes to anxiety

Question 14

Cyanobacteria genetically edited

Answer 14

1. Increases production of polyester polyhydroxybutyrate
2. Elevates proteins implicated in glycogen catabolism, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis

Question 15

Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 15

degradation of glucose-phosphate

Question 16

SigE activates

Answer 16

sugar catabolic genes - enhances acetyl-CoA and citrate - metabolic engineering

Question 17

Polyhydroxyalkanoate

Answer 17

polyesters stored by bacteria as carbon and energy stores - biodegradable

Question 18

SCFAs

Answer 18

SCFAs have an anti-inflammatory effect
Propionate - reduces stress and increases reward pathway

a beneficial, protective effect of the SCFA propionate upon the BBB, mitigating against deleterious inflammatory and oxidative stimuli.

Question 19

Dengue fever and yellow fever virus

Answer 19

flaviviruses

Question 20

Venom

Answer 20

metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, potassium channel-binding neurotoxins, protéolytic enzymes, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, phospholipase A2s

Question 21

Crotoxin

Answer 21

heterodimeric protein (PLA2-CB and crotapotin)

Question 22

Specifically for Dengue

Answer 22

1. Hydrolyse outer phospholipid layer, accumulating FAs and LPLs
2. Enhances permeability; disrupts lipid order and active crystalline state
3. Déstabilises the virus
4. Drive the membrane to a highly disordered state

Question 23

Elapid venoms:

Answer 23

1. Interact will lipoproteins - shrinkage

2. Destroy cells

Question 24

L-amino àcid substrates:

Answer 24

FADH2 + molecular oxygen - hydrogen peroxide

Destroys lipids présent in higher concentration on tumour cells