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Interview Prep > Evolution Keywords > Flashcards

Evolution Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

fitness varies in

A

evolutionary time and biogeographical space

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2
Q

If they ask me about extinction:

A
  • Low evolvability due to low genetic variation
  • allopatric and peripatric speciation
  • competitive release
  • reinforcement after secondary contact
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3
Q

If they ask me about phylogenetic trees:

A
  • Exaptation (co-option)
  • analogous structures
  • Population genomics
  • Common descent
  • Monophyly (holophyly)
  • Monophylectic groups
  • Synapomorphies
  • Paraphyly
  • Polyphyly
  • Branching order; branch length
  • Sister groups
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4
Q

If they ask about natural selection:

A
  • Teleologically loaded
  • The Red Queen hypothesis
  • Polymorphism
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5
Q

If they ask how biological complexity arises?

A

Evolutionary arms race

Red Queen hypothesis

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6
Q

If they ask about kin selection/inclusive fitness:

A
  • Obligate/faculative altruism
  • Kin recognition vs nurture kinship
  • Alloparenting
  • Coeffiicient of relationship
  • Consanginity
  • Fictive vs consanguineal and affinal
  • Green-beard hypothesis and alleles
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7
Q

Human evolutionary adaptations:

A
  • Binocular vision

- Westermarck effect

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8
Q

Types of evolution:

A
  • Advergent evolution
  • Convergent evolution (analogous structures)
  • Divergent evolution
  • Recurrent evolution
  • Parallel evolution
  • Adaptive evolution (adaptive radiation)
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9
Q

Types of selection:

A
  • Natural selection
  • Artificial selection
  • Frequency-dependent selection
  • Apostatic selection
  • Negative (purifying) selection
  • Background selection
  • Balancing selection (heterotic advantage)
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10
Q

Mutations:

A
  • Insert, deletion, substitution
  • Gene duplication
  • Chromosomal non-disjunction, translocation
  • Non-homologous end-joining
  • Ectopic recombination
  • Slipped strand mispairing
  • DNA mismatch repair
  • Nicks
  • Base excision repair
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11
Q

Evolutionary adaptations in birds:

A
  • Brood parasitism
  • Egg mimicry
  • Distraction displays (paratrepsis)
  • Deimatic behaviour (startle displays)
  • Selfish herd theory
  • Mobbing
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12
Q

Evolutionary adaptations:

A

Predator evasion: anti-predator adaptations; mimicry; apostatic selection by defying search images; crypsis
Prey catching: crypsis
Out-competition: greater functionality within the niche

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13
Q

Mimicry:

A
  • Mullerian mimicry
  • Batesian mimicry
  • Antagonistic co-evolution
  • Pouyannian mimicry
  • Advergent evolution
  • Honest signalling
  • Aggressive mimicry
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14
Q

Selfish gene theory:

A
  • Intragenomic conflict
  • Particulate inheritance
  • Evolutionary game theory
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15
Q

Sexual selection:

A

Fischerian runaway model of selection
Sexual-antagonistic co-evolution
Parental investment theory

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16
Q

Why do deleterious alleles persist or positive alleles be selected against?

A
  • Gene linkage
  • Background selection attached by negative selection
  • Heterotic advantage (overdominance)
  • disruption in mutation-selection balance
17
Q

Why do multiple phenotypes persist:

A
  • Weak selection in a Moran process
  • Mutation-selection balance
  • Apostatic selection
  • frequency-dependent selection
18
Q

What causes genetic variation to increase?

A
  • random fertilisation of gametes
  • independent assortment
  • crossing over
  • mutations
19
Q

What causes genetic variation to decrease?

A
  • population bottleneck
20
Q

If most mutations are deleterious, how has the concept of mutations not been selected against?

A
  • Neutral theory of molecular evolution
  • Genetic drift
  • Balancing selection (heterotic advantage – overdominance)
  • Prey switching; boom-bust
  • Mutations in homeotic genes of insects results in variation
  • Pleiotropy – limits rate of multivariate selection
  • Controlled by quantitative trait loci
21
Q

Why isn’t speciation more common:

A
  • It is correlated with extinction
  • Mitigated by gene flow (prevents peripatric speciation)
  • Adaptive introgression
  • Greater inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient)
22
Q

Describe the evolutionary arms race between parasites and hosts:

A
  • Red Queen hypothesis
  • Antigenic variation for immune escape – lack of complementarity between epitope and paratope (phase variation)
  • Combatted by somatic hypermutation
23
Q

selection pressure examples that allow out-competition within a niche

A
  • limited resources (food/shelter) -> causes competition
  • predation and parasitism
  • disease
  • changes in environmental conditions
  • lack of light/water/O2

Interview Prep (11 decks)

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