Evolution Keywords Flashcards
fitness varies in
evolutionary time and biogeographical space
If they ask me about extinction:
- Low evolvability due to low genetic variation
- allopatric and peripatric speciation
- competitive release
- reinforcement after secondary contact
If they ask me about phylogenetic trees:
- Exaptation (co-option)
- analogous structures
- Population genomics
- Common descent
- Monophyly (holophyly)
- Monophylectic groups
- Synapomorphies
- Paraphyly
- Polyphyly
- Branching order; branch length
- Sister groups
If they ask about natural selection:
- Teleologically loaded
- The Red Queen hypothesis
- Polymorphism
If they ask how biological complexity arises?
Evolutionary arms race
Red Queen hypothesis
If they ask about kin selection/inclusive fitness:
- Obligate/faculative altruism
- Kin recognition vs nurture kinship
- Alloparenting
- Coeffiicient of relationship
- Consanginity
- Fictive vs consanguineal and affinal
- Green-beard hypothesis and alleles
Human evolutionary adaptations:
- Binocular vision
- Westermarck effect
Types of evolution:
- Advergent evolution
- Convergent evolution (analogous structures)
- Divergent evolution
- Recurrent evolution
- Parallel evolution
- Adaptive evolution (adaptive radiation)
Types of selection:
- Natural selection
- Artificial selection
- Frequency-dependent selection
- Apostatic selection
- Negative (purifying) selection
- Background selection
- Balancing selection (heterotic advantage)
Mutations:
- Insert, deletion, substitution
- Gene duplication
- Chromosomal non-disjunction, translocation
- Non-homologous end-joining
- Ectopic recombination
- Slipped strand mispairing
- DNA mismatch repair
- Nicks
- Base excision repair
Evolutionary adaptations in birds:
- Brood parasitism
- Egg mimicry
- Distraction displays (paratrepsis)
- Deimatic behaviour (startle displays)
- Selfish herd theory
- Mobbing
Evolutionary adaptations:
Predator evasion: anti-predator adaptations; mimicry; apostatic selection by defying search images; crypsis
Prey catching: crypsis
Out-competition: greater functionality within the niche
Mimicry:
- Mullerian mimicry
- Batesian mimicry
- Antagonistic co-evolution
- Pouyannian mimicry
- Advergent evolution
- Honest signalling
- Aggressive mimicry
Selfish gene theory:
- Intragenomic conflict
- Particulate inheritance
- Evolutionary game theory
Sexual selection:
Fischerian runaway model of selection
Sexual-antagonistic co-evolution
Parental investment theory
Why do deleterious alleles persist or positive alleles be selected against?
- Gene linkage
- Background selection attached by negative selection
- Heterotic advantage (overdominance)
- disruption in mutation-selection balance
Why do multiple phenotypes persist:
- Weak selection in a Moran process
- Mutation-selection balance
- Apostatic selection
- frequency-dependent selection
What causes genetic variation to increase?
- random fertilisation of gametes
- independent assortment
- crossing over
- mutations
What causes genetic variation to decrease?
- population bottleneck
If most mutations are deleterious, how has the concept of mutations not been selected against?
- Neutral theory of molecular evolution
- Genetic drift
- Balancing selection (heterotic advantage – overdominance)
- Prey switching; boom-bust
- Mutations in homeotic genes of insects results in variation
- Pleiotropy – limits rate of multivariate selection
- Controlled by quantitative trait loci
Why isn’t speciation more common:
- It is correlated with extinction
- Mitigated by gene flow (prevents peripatric speciation)
- Adaptive introgression
- Greater inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient)
Describe the evolutionary arms race between parasites and hosts:
- Red Queen hypothesis
- Antigenic variation for immune escape – lack of complementarity between epitope and paratope (phase variation)
- Combatted by somatic hypermutation
selection pressure examples that allow out-competition within a niche
- limited resources (food/shelter) -> causes competition
- predation and parasitism
- disease
- changes in environmental conditions
- lack of light/water/O2
