Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3A > Public Health 2 > Flashcards

Public Health 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of…

  • Frequency
  • Distribution
  • Determinants

…of disease and health

…in populations

… in order to prevent and control disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Incidence

A

New cases in a set time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prevalence

A

Existing cases at a given point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Person time

A

Measure of time at risk

From entry to study to…

  • Disease onset
  • Loss to follow-up
  • End of study

Used to calculate incidence rate
Person time is the denominator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Absolute risk

A

ACTUAL numbers

E.g. 50 deaths per 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Relative risk

A

Risk in one group relative to another

Ratio of risk of disease in exposed to risk of disease in unexposed

Incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed

RR = 1 = No difference
RR > 1 = Intervention increases risk of outcome
RR < 1 = Intervention decreases risk of outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Attributable risk

A

Rate of disease in the exposed that can be attributed to the exposure

(Incidence in exposed - incidence in unexposed)

ABSOLUTE RISK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Relative risk reduction

A

RRR

Reduction in rate of outcome in the intervention group relative to control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Absolute risk reduction

A

ARR

Absolute difference in the rates of events between the two groups

Gives an indication of baseline risk and intervention effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Number needed to treat

A

NNT

Number of patients needed to treat to prevent ONE bad outcome

1 / absolute risk reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reasons for association between exposure and outcome

A 
Bias 
Chance 
Confounding 
Reverse causality 
True causal association
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bias

A

Systematic deviation from the true estimation of association between exposure and outcome

Systematic error which leads to a distortion of the true underlying association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main groups of bias

A

Selection bias

Information bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Selection bias

A

Systematic error

Selection of study participants
Allocation of participants to different groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Information bias

A

Systematic error

Measurement or classification of exposure or outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sources of information bias

A

Observer bias
Recall bias
Instrument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Confounding

A

A factor that is associated with the exposure in question

Independently influences the outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Association and causation considerations

A

Bias
Chance
Confounding
Criteria for causality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reverse causality

A

Association between exposure and outcome

Could be due to outcome causing exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causality criteria

A

Bradford-Hill

  1. Strength of association - Magnitude of RR
  2. Dose-response - Higher exposure = Higher risk
  3. Consistency - Similar results from different researchers and various study designs
  4. Temporality - Does exposure precede outcome
  5. Reversibility - Removal of exposure reduces risk of disease
  6. Biological plausibility - Biological mechanisms explaining the link
  7. Coherence - Logical consistency with other information
  8. Analogy - Similarity with other established cause-effect relationships
  9. Specificity - Relationship specific to outcome of interest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Different types of health behaviours

A

Health behaviour - Behaviour aimed at preventing disease (eating healthy)

Illness behaviour - Behaviour aimed at seeking remedy (going to the doctor)

Sick role behaviour - Activity aimed at getting well (taking medications)

22
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

Best predictor of behaviour is intention

e.g. I intent to give up smoking

23
Q

Intention in the theory of planned behaviour

A

Persons attitude towards the behaviour

Perceived social pressure to undertake the behaviour

Persons appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour

Perceived behavioural control

24
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

Criticisms

A

Lack of temporal element

Lack of direction or causality

25
Q

Stage models of health behaviour

A

5 stages of change

  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
26
Q

Motivational interviewing

A

Counselling approach

Initiating behaviour change by resolving ambivalence

27
Q

Nudge theory

A

Nudge the environment to make the best option the easiest

E.g. opt-out schemes

28
Q

Factors to consider in behavioural change

A

Impact of personality traits on health behaviour
Impact of past behaviour

Assessment of risk perception
Social norms

Automatic influences on health behaviour
Predictors of maintenance of health

29
Q

Transition points leading to behaviour change

Positive or negative

A 
Leaving school 
Entering the workforce 
Becoming a parent 
Becoming unemployed 
Retirement
Bereavement
30
Q

NCSCT

A

National Centre of Smoking Cessation and Training

Social enterprise

Support the delivery of effective evidence-based tobacco control programmes
Smoking cessation interventions
Provided by local stop smoking services

31
Q

What does the NCSCT do

A

Delivers training and assessment programmes
Provides support services for local and national providers
Conducts research into behavioural support for smoking cessation

32
Q

Why notify PHE about communicable disease

A

They notify health protection agency
Health protection agency can take urgent control measures

Duty of medical practitioners

33
Q

When do medical practitioners have to notify

A

Notifiable diseases

INFECTION which could present significant harm to human health

CONTAMINATION which could present significant harm to human health

34
Q

When do diagnostic laboratory operators have to notify

A

Causative agents found in human samples

Must provide in writing within 7 days
Duty to provide information to HPA

HPA may require requesting clinician to provide supplementary information
Must provide in writing within 3 days of HPA request

35
Q

Local authority powers

A

Schools

  • Keep children away from school
  • Schools must provide list of attendees

Requests for co-operation - Serve notice

  • Asking people to do (or not do) something
  • For prevention, protection, control or provision of public health response
  • Response to incidence, contamination, or spread of infection
  • Which presents or could present significant harm to health

MAY OFFER COMPENSATION

36
Q

Magistrate order requirements - People

A

Medical examination
Disinfection or decontamination

Removal and/or detention in isolation or quarantine
Wear protective clothing

Restrict movements
Prohibition from working or trading

Provide information
Attend training sessions

Monitor

37
Q

Magistrate order requirements - Things

A

Seizure or retention
Isolation or quarantine
Disinfection or decontamination
Destruction

38
Q

Magistrate order requirements - Premises

A

Closure
Detention of conveyances or movable structures
Disinfection or decontamination
Destruction

39
Q

Role of consultant in communicable disease control

A

Surveillance - Monitor communicable disease

Prevention - E.g. immunisation programmes

Control - Procedure when routine cases and outbreaks occur

40
Q

Managing outbreaks of communicable disease

A
  1. Clarify the problem - Make the diagnosis
  2. Decide if this is an outbreak (2 or more related cases of a communicable disease)
  3. Get help - Microbiologists, health visitors, consultants, etc.
  4. Call an outbreak meeting
  5. Identify the cause
  6. Initiate control measures
41
Q

Models of transmission for communicable disease

A
  1. Foodborne
  2. Faeco-oral
  3. Respiratory
  4. Physical contact
  5. Animals
42
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Safety
  3. Love/belonging
  4. Esteem
  5. Self actualisation
43
Q

Relationship breakdown leading to homelessness

A

Mental illness
Domestic abuse
Disputes with parents
Bereavement

44
Q

Problems facing the homeless

A

Infectious disease
Sexual health - Contraception unavailable

Poor nutrition
Addiction and substance misuse

Injuries following violence and rape
Mental illness

Feet and teeth problems
Respiratory

45
Q

Travellers and gypsies

Barriers to healthcare

A

GPs won’t visit sites
Constantly moving

Illiteracy
Communication difficulties

Mistrust of professionals

46
Q

Homeless people

Barriers to healthcare

A

Difficulties with access - Opening times and appointment procedure
Perceived (actual) discrimination

Lack of integration between primary care services and other agencies
Unsure of where to find help

47
Q

Asylum seeker

A

Has made an application for refugee status

48
Q

Refugee

A

Person granted asylum and refugee status
5 years
Then reapply

49
Q

Humanitarian protection

A

Failed to demonstrate claim for asylum
Face serious threat to life if returned
3 years
Then reapply

50
Q

Asylum seekers lives

A

No choice dispersal
Not allowed to work

Vouchers - 70% of income support sum
NASS support package
Full access to NHS

51
Q

Asylum seekers - Physical health problems

A

Common illness
No previous screening or immunisations
Untreated chronic/congenital disease

Illness specific to country of origin
Injuries from war or travelling
Communicable disease

Malnutrition
Sexual abuse/exploitation

52
Q

Asylum seekers - Mental health problems

A

PTSD
Sleep disturbance

Depression
Self-harm

Psychosis

3A (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions