Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3A > Psych - Part 2 > Flashcards

Psych - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dementia vs delirium

A

Dementia

  • Slow and progressive
  • Alert
  • Thought poverty
  • Non-reversible

Delirium

  • Rapid
  • Fluctuating
  • Clouded consciousness
  • Hallucinations
  • Reversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is dementia

A

Global
Progressive
Intellectual deterioration

Without impaired consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alzheimer’s RFs

A 
Family history 
Smoking 
Increasing age 
Head injuries 
Downs 
Hypercholesterolaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alzheimer’s prognosis

A

8-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alzheimer’s S/S

A

Short-term memory impairment

Difficulty decision making
Less flexible
Inability to learn new information

Confusion
Personality changes
Mood changes
Sleep disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Severe Alzheimer’s

A

Dysphagia
Weight loss
Urinary incontinence
Loss of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dementia DDx

A 
Depression
Delirium 
Hypothyroidism 
Infection 
B12 and thiamine deficiency 
Drugs and alcohol 
Hypercalcaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dementia screening tools

A 
MMSE - Mini mental state exam 
10-CS - 10-point cognitive screen
6CIT - 6-item cognitive impairment test 
GPCOG - General practitioner assessment of cognition 
AMTS - Abbreviated mental test score 
MoCA - Montreal cognitive assessment
ACE-R - Addenbrooks cognitive test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alzheimer’s diagnosis in secondary care

A

MRI - Cerebral atrophy

Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alzheimer’s

Non-pharmacological management

A

Group cognitive stimulation therapy

Group reminiscence therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dementia

Pharmacological management

A

Ach-esterase inhibitors

  • Donepezil
  • Galantamine
  • Rivastigmine

NMDA receptor antagonist - Memantine

Consider antipsychotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vascular dementia presentation

A

3 FACTORS

  1. Associated RFs
  2. Stepwise progression
  3. FND
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vascular dementia management

A

Mixed - Ach-esterase inhibitor and NMDA receptor antagonist

Pure vascular

  • Control BP - ACE-I
  • Lower cholesterol - Statin
  • Control BM
  • Control BMI
  • Aspirin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vascular dementia prognosis

A

Likely death from MI or stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fronto-temporal dementia cause

A

Pick’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fronto-temporal dementia syndromes

A
  1. Fronto-temporal dementia - Behavioural changes with preserved memory and visa-spatial skills
  2. Progressive non-fluent aphasia - Understanding intact but struggle with fluency
  3. Semantic dementia - Loss of vocabulary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fronto-temporal dementia presentation

A

Insidious
Onset < 65
Personality changes

Intellectually functional
Preservation of memory and visuospatial skills

Memory loss occurs later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fronto-temporal dementia investigations

A

MRI

  • Knife blade atrophy
  • Pick bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fronto-temporal dementia management

A

S/L therapy

SSRIs for behavioural problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fronto-temporal dementia prognosis

A

8-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lewy body dementia pathophysiology

A

Cytoplasmic inclusions consisting of alpha synuclein

  • Substantia nigra - Parkinson’s
  • Paralimbic areas - Memory impairment
  • Neocortical areas

Insidious onset
Progressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lewy body dementia presentation

A

TRIAD!!!

  1. Parkinson’s
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Fluctuating consciousness

REM sleep disorder
Frequent falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lewy body dementia investigations

A

BLOODS
ECG - Heart block
SPECT - 123-I-FP-CIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lewy body dementia prognosis

A

8-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lewy body dementia management
NO HALOPERIDOL Ach-esterase inhibitors - Donepezil - Rivastigmine NMDA receptor antagonist - Memantine
26
Reversible causes of dementia
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHs ``` Haematoma Hydrocephalus Hypothyroidism Halcohol Hinfection ```
27
Dementia bloods
``` FBC LFT U/E TFT B12 Thiamine Ca Glucose Na Tox screen ```
28
Dementia practical aids
``` Start a routine Post-it notes Big clock Avoid stress Sleep hygiene Newspaper with date ```
29
Other dementia investigations | Not bloods
MSU - RULE OUT DELIRIUM ECG Neuroradiology - Atrophy - Enlarged ventricles
30
Alzheimer's microscopic changes
Beta-amyloid plaques | Neurofibrillary tangles
31
Alzheimer's mAcroscopic changes
Cortical atrophy Hippocampal atrophy Enlarged ventricles Increased sulcal swelling
32
Alzheimer's neurotransmitter defects
Noradrenaline 5-HydroxyTriptamine Ach
33
Frontal lobe dementia features
``` Emotional blunting Personality changes Apathy Disinhibition Taking things literally ```
34
Temporal lobe dementia features
Language changes
35
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
PADDA-1 ``` Psychosis Anxiety Depression Disinhibition Agitation ``` ... 1
36
What is delirium
Acute confusional state Can be hyperactive, hypoactive or mixed
37
Delirium diagnosis
1. Impaired consciousness 2. Perceptual and Cognitive disturbance 3. Rapid onset and fluctuating 4. Evidence it may be related to a physical cause
38
Delirium causes
PINCH ME!! ``` Pain/post-op Infection - UTI/pneumonia Nutrition - B12 Constipation Hypoxia/hydration decreased Medications/metabolic Environmental ``` VT Vascular - Stroke Trauma - Head
39
Drugs causing delirium
SSAAALLAD ``` Steroids Statins Anticonvulsants Anticholinergic Antihistamine Lithium Levodopa Antispasmodics Digoxin ```
40
Delirium investigations
Bloods bloods and more bloods CXR - Pneumonia CT head - Trauma - Bleed - Infection - Tumour
41
Delirium management
ABC Treat cause Antipsychotic - Unless LBD Benzos for alcohol related
42
Alcohol screening aids
CAGE TWEAK FAST AUDIT
43
CAGE questionnaire
2 = Problemo Have you considered cutting down? Have people annoyed you by criticising you? Have you ever felt guilty? Eye opener?
44
TWEAK questionnaire
3 = Problemo ``` Tolerance - How many drinks can you have? Worried - Are people worried about you? Eye-opener? Amnesia? Considered cutting down? ```
45
ICD-10 addiction criteria
TRAM WC Tolerance increased Repertoire narrowing Abstinence difficult Maintaining intake is priority Withdrawal symptoms Compulsion awareness
46
Long-term alcohol problems - BIOLOGICAL
Wernicke's Memory loss Pancreatitis Arrhythmia's HTN Fatty liver Hepatitis Cirrhosis Osteoporosis Malignancy - GI and breast Pregnancy - CHD
47
Alcohol dependence management
Disulfiram - Blocks alcohol Acamprostate - Acts on GABA, decreases cravings Naltrexone - Opioid antagonist
48
Alcohol dependence | When to admit
``` Previous delirium Autonomic activity < 18 Safeguarding Failure of home detox Wernicke's ```
49
Wernicke's encephalopathy cause and presentation
Thiamine B1 deficiency!! COW TRIAD 1. Confusion 2. Ophthalmoplegia 3. Ataxia - WOBBLY
50
Wernicke's findings
Decreased red cell transketolase MRI Muscular atrophy
51
Wernicke's management
PABRINEX
52
Wernicke's Korsakoff
Confabulation Anterograde amnesia Irreversible Hippocampal involvement
53
Delirium tremens BASIC CAUSE
Alcohol withdrawal 48-72 hours post-withdrawal Worse at night
54
DT pathophysiology
Alcohol = Increased GABA + Decreased NMDA Withdrawal = Decreased GABA + Increased NMDA Jittery and hyper AF
55
Alcohol withdrawal presentation
6-12 hours - FASTT - Formication - Anxiety - Sweating - Tremor - Tachycardia 36 hours - Seizures 48-72 hours - DELIRIUM TREMENS - Coarse tremor - Ataxia - Confusion - Seizures - Delusions - Hallucinations
56
Alcohol withdrawal imbalances
Metabolic acidosis | Hypoglycaemia
57
Alcohol withdrawal management
ABCDE Chlordiazepoxide PABRINEX Dextrose Carbamazepine - Seizures Magnesium - Seizures and arrhythmias
58
Opioid misuse presentation
``` Rhinorrhoea Lacrimation Drowsiness PIN POINT PUPILS Track marks ```
59
Opioid misuse management
Naloxone Dependence - Methadone - Buprenorphine - Naltrexone
60
Opioid misuse complications
Infection - Site - Endocarditis - Hep B/C - HIV Social - Depression - Homelessness - Unemployment VTE Respiratory depression
61
Dependence syndrome criteria
1. Strong desire to take substance 2. Difficulty controlling use 3. Physiological withdrawal state 4. Tolerance 5. Neglect of activities 6. Persistent use despite negative effects
62
Anorexia causes
Genetics Childhood - Trauma/bullying? Depression OCD
63
Anorexia diagnostic criteria
Restricted intake Intense fear of gaining weight Body dysmorphia or denial of low body weight
64
Anorexia symptoms
Underweight Lanugo hair Dental caries Swollen tender abdomen due to constipation Amenorrhoea and sub fertility Libido changes Sleep disturbances Cold intolerance Dizziness
65
Anorexia investigations
SCOFF questionnaire Sit-up test Squat test LFT Amylase Bicarb - Alkalosis Hormones - Gs/Cs are HIGH, everything else is LOW Decreased - LH, FSH, Oestrogen Increased - GH, Cortisol, Glucose, Cholesterol, Carotin ECG - Bradycardia and prolonged QT DEXA
66
SCOFF questionnaire
``` Sick - Have you ever made yourself sick? Control - Have you lost control? One stone lost in 3 months? Fat - Ever thought you're fat? Food - Does food control your life? ```
67
Anorexia management
Family therapy CBT-ED Pharmacological - Chlorpromazine - SSRI - Fluoxetine
68
Anorexia complications
Amenorrhoea and sub fertility Psychological - Depression - OCD Refeeding syndrome Constipation Peripheral neuropathy Osteoporosis AKI and renal calculi Pancytopenia Cardiac
69
Cardiac complications of anorexia
Prolonged QT T wave changes Bradycardia ST elevation
70
Anorexia risk assessment
Rapid weight loss Not responding to treatment Electrolyte imbalance Physiological changes - Temp < 35 - Brady < 45 - Cardiac changes Psychosis Risk of suicide
71
Refeeding syndrome
Rapid introduction of food after > 10 days of malnutrition HYPO HYPO HYPO Hypokalaemia Hypophosphataemia Hypomagnesaemia - TREAT FIRST! Impaired glucose sensitivity = ^ Insulin = hypokalaemia
72
How to avoid refeeding syndrome
U+Es Increasing calories slowly Thiamine
73
Malingering
Making up symptoms for the intention of financial or other gain
74
Somatisation disorder
Multiple physical symptoms persistent for at least 2 years | Multi-organ
75
Hypochondriasis
Persistent belief in the presence of underlying disease | Refusal to believe medical results
76
Conversion disorder
Loss of motor/sensory function | No conscious faking
77
Personality disorders categories
MAD BAD SAD
78
Personality disorders - MAD
Paranoid Schizoid - Detached and cold Schizotypal - Eccentric and odd beliefs Antisocial - Aggressive, lack of consciousness, criminal behaviour
79
Personality disorders - BAD
Histrionic - Attention seeking, seductive, manipulative, exhibitionist Borderline - Self-harm, intense relationships, ashamed, impulsive Narcissistic - Grandiose thoughts, seeking power
80
Personality disorders - SAD
OCPD - Worrying, perfectionist, controlling Anxious - Timid, desire to be liked, anxious Dependent - Excessive need for care, feels abandoned, helpless when single

3A (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions