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Phase 3a > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Emphasises the role of psychological factors in the cause, progression and consequences of health and illness

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2
Q

What is the aim of health psychology?

A

Put theory into practice by promoting healthy behaviours and preventing illness

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3
Q

What is health behaviour?

A

A behaviour aimed to prevent disease e.g. eating healthily

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4
Q

What is illness behaviour?

A

A behaviour aimed to seek remedy e.g. going to the doctor

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5
Q

What is sick role behaviour?

A

Any activity aimed at getting well e.g. taking prescribed medications/resting

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6
Q

What are health damaging/impairing behaviours?

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol/substance abuse
  • Risky sexual behaviour
  • Sun exposure
  • Driving without a seatbelt
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7
Q

What are health promoting behaviours?

A
  • Exercising
  • Healthy eating
  • Attending health checks
  • Medication compliance
  • Vaccinations
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8
Q

What is the leading causes of death in men and women in England?

A

Men = IHD
Women = Dementia and Alzheimer’s

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9
Q

What did Weinstein (1983) say about health damaging behaviour?

A

Individuals continue to practice health damaging behaviour due to inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptibility

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10
Q

What are perceptions of risk influenced by?

A
  • Lack of personal experience with problem
  • Belief that preventable by personal action
  • Belief that if it has not happened by now, it’s not likely to
  • Belief that problem is infrequent
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11
Q

What is public health (Winslow 1920)?

A

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organisations, public and private communities, and individuals

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12
Q

What are some aspects of public health?

A
  • Health promotion
  • Disease prevention
  • Health protection
  • Inequalities in health
  • Access to services
  • Surveillance
  • Screening
  • Health needs assessment
  • Planning
  • Evaluation
  • Evidence-based practice
  • Empowerment
  • Health economics
  • Ethics
  • Health information
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Policy
  • Healthcare systems and funding
  • Organisation and management
  • Commissioning healthcare
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13
Q

Classify the determinants of health

A
  • Environment (physical/social/economic)
  • Genes
  • Lifestyle
  • Healthcare access
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14
Q

What is the difference between equity and equality?

A

Equity = what is fair and just
Equality = equal shares

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15
Q

What is horizontal equity?

A

Equal treatment for equal need e.g. individuals with pneumonia (with all other things being equal) should be treated equally

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16
Q

What is vertical equity?

A

Unequal treatment for unequal need e.g. areas with poorer health may need higher expenditure on health services

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17
Q

What are dimensions of health equity?

A
  • Spatial (geographical)
  • Social = age/gender/socioeconomic/ethnicity
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18
Q

What are the three domains of public health practice?

A
  • Health improvement = inequalities/education/housing
  • Health protection = infectious diseases/chemicals and poisons/radiation
  • Health care = clinical effectiveness/efficiency/service planning
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19
Q

What are the three main levels of interventions?

A
  • Ecological e.g. clean air act
  • Community e.g. playground set up
  • Individual e.g. childhood immunisation
20
Q

What are the categories of public health prevention?

A
  • Primordial = healthy/not at risk and want to prevent risk developing
  • Primary = at risk of condition/disease and want to prevent problem when risk(s) exist(s)
  • Secondary = has condition/disease and want to prevent progression
  • Tertiary = has condition/disease and want to prevent worst outcome/complications
  • Quaternary = has condition/disease and want to prevent over treatment
21
Q

What is the needs assessment and planning cycle?

A

Needs assessment –> planning –> implementation –> evaluation

22
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  • Basic needs = physiological needs (food/water/warmth/rest)
  • Basic needs = safety needs (security/safety)
  • Psychological needs = belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships/friends)
  • Psychological needs = esteem needs (prestige and feeling of accomplishment)
  • Self-fulfilment needs = self-actualisation (achieving one’s full potential including creative activities)
23
Q

What is Bradshaw’s taxonomy of social need?

A
  • Felt (wants) = individual perceptions of variation from normal health
  • Expressed (demands) = individual seeks help to overcome variation in normal health (demand)
  • Normative (needs) = professional defines intervention appropriate for the expressed need
  • Comparative = comparison between severity, range of interventions and cost
24
Q

What is a need, demand and supply?

A

Need = the ability to benefit from an intervention

Demand/want = what people ask for

Supply = what we actually provide

25
Q

What is a health needs assessment?

A

A process of identifying the unmet health and healthcare needs of a population, and what changes are required to meet those unmet needs

26
Q

What are the three main approaches to health needs assessments?

A
  • Epidemiological
  • Corporate
  • Comparative
27
Q

Describe the epidemiological approach to health needs assessments

A
  • Person (who) = age/gender/occupation
  • Place (where) = do prevalence/incidence vary (local/national/international)?
  • Time (when) = does it vary by seasons/cycles?
28
Q

Describe the corporate approach to health needs assessments

A
  • Structured collection of knowledge and views of stakeholders (focus groups/interviews)
  • Based on demands/wishes/perspectives of interested parties (professional/political/public)
  • Recognition of importance of knowledge available from those who have been involved in local service
29
Q

What are some drawbacks to the corporate approach to health needs assessments?

A
  • Blurs difference between need and demand, and between science and vested interest
  • If used in isolation, may reflect demand and supply rather than ‘need’
  • Stakeholders concerns may be influenced by political agendas
30
Q

Describe the comparative approach to health needs assessments

A
  • Compares health performance across or between communities, disease groups, service providers
  • Measure variation in cost and service use
  • Fairly quick and inexpensive to achieve
31
Q

What are some drawbacks to the comparative approach to health needs assessments?

A
  • Hard to find similar comparator
  • Often knowledge of optimum service not known (try to base on national recommendations)
  • Usage rates may vary markedly
  • Link between usage rates and health outcomes may be hard to demonstrate
32
Q

What are the benefits to health needs assessments?

A
  • Strengthening community involvement in decision making
  • Improved public participation
  • Improved team and partnership working
  • Professional development of skills
  • Improved patient care
  • Improved communication with other agencies and public
  • Better use of resources
33
Q

What are the challenges to health needs assessments?

A
  • Professional boundaries may prevent power and information sharing
  • Lack of shared language between sectors
  • Lack of commitment from top-down
  • Problems accessing local date
  • Difficulty accessing target population
  • Difficulty maintaining impetus and commitment
34
Q

What are three examples of how to do a health needs assessment?

A
  • Two stage HNA framework (Harvey and Taylor 2013)
  • Five stage (Cavanagh and Chadwick 2005)
  • Developmental approaches to HNA (Harvey and Taylor 2013)
35
Q

What are some models and theories of behaviour change?

A
  • Health belief model (HBM)
  • Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)
  • Stages of change (a.k.a transtheoretical model - TTM)
  • Social norms theory
  • Motivational interviewing
  • Social marketing
  • Nudging (choice architecture)
  • Financial incentives
36
Q

What is the health belief model (HBM)?

A

Individual will change if they:
- Believe they are susceptible to the condition in question
- Believe that it has serious consequences
- Believe that taking actions reduces susceptibility
- Believe that the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs

  • Internal/external cues to action = factors that trigger a person’s decision to change their behaviour e.g. symptoms (internal)/advice and campaigns (external)
  • Critique = alternative factors e.g. outcome expectancy and self-efficacy
37
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour (TPB)?

A
  • Best predictor of behaviour is intention

Intention is determined by:
- A person’s attitude to the behaviour
- The perceived social pressure to undertake the behaviour (subjective norm)
- A person’s appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour (perceived behavioural control)

  • Critique = rational choice model so doesn’t take into account emotions/fear/threat/positive affect
  • Critique = doesn’t take into account habits and routines
  • Critique = relies on self-reported behaviour
  • Critique = assumes that attitudes/subjective norms/PBC can be measured
38
Q

What is the transtheoretical model (TTM a.k.a stages of change model)?

A
  • Precontemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preparation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
  • Advantage = acknowledges individual stages of readiness
  • Advantage = accounts for relapse
  • Advantage = temporal element
  • Critique = people don’t always move through every stage
  • Critique = change might operate on a continuum rather than in discrete stages
  • Critique = doesn’t take in account values/habits/emotions/culture/social and economic factors
  • Critique = people often change their behaviour in the absence of planning (intentions can change over short time period)
39
Q

What is the social norms theory?

A
  • Behaviour is influenced by misperceptions of how our peers think and act
  • Overestimations/underestimates of problem behaviour in peers will cause increased/decreased engagement in problematic behaviour
40
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

Counselling approach for initiating behaviour change by resolving ambivalence

41
Q

What is the nudge theory?

A
  • Nudge the environment to make the best option the easiest e.g. opt-out schemes/placing fruit next to checkouts
42
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients

  • Undernutrition
  • Overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (e.g. stroke/diabetes/heart disease)
43
Q

What is undernutrition?

A

Stunting, wasting, underweight and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies

44
Q

What is the triple burden of malnutrition?

A

Malnutrition including micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger)

45
Q
A

Phase 3a (21 decks)

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