Public Health Flashcards
1
Q
asylum seeker definition
A
- person who has made application for refugee status
- can access GP and A+E
2
Q
culture definition
A
- socially transmitted patterns of shared meanings by which people communicate and develop their knowledge and attitudes about life
3
Q
domestic abuse - standard risk
A
- does not suggest imminent serious harm = signpost
4
Q
domestic abuse - moderate risk
A
potential for serious harm but unlikely unless change in circumstance = signpost
5
Q
domestic abuse high risk
A
imminent risk of serious harm
- multiagency risk assessment conference
- independent domestic violence advice services
6
Q
primary prevention
A
- prevent disease occuring
vaccines
7
Q
secondary prevention
A
- early detection of disease in high risk groups
- screening
8
Q
tertiary prevention
A
- preventing complications of disease
- cardiac rehab
9
Q
Wilson and Jugner screening criteria
A
- Disease = known natural hx and latent phase
- Test = suitable, acceptable, determined interval
- Tx = acceptable, who to treat, available
- Benefit outweighs risk
- Cost effective
10
Q
Just healthcare
A
- Libertarian = responsibility for self
- Maximising principle = who gain the most
- Egalitarian = equal access, equality and justice
11
Q
3 domains of public health
A
- Health improvement
- Health protection
- Improving services
12
Q
health behaviour
A
behaviour aimed at preventing disease
13
Q
illness behaviour
A
behaviour aimed at seeking remedy
14
Q
sick role behaviour
A
behaviour aimed at getting well
15
Q
perception of risk
A
- lack personal experience
- belief preventable by personal action
- belief if not happened now unlikely to
- belief problem is infrequent
16
Q
epidemiological approach to health needs
A
define problems and sercices available
17
Q
comparative approach
A
compares services recieved by one population to another
18
Q
corporate appraoch
A
- consider views of providers, proffessionals, patients, politicians
19
Q
health belief model
A
- susceptible
- personal action
- serious consequences
- benefits outweight costs
20
Q
theory of planned behaviour
A
- personal attitude
- social norms
- percieved behavioural control
21
Q
transtheoretical model
A
- precontemplation
- contemplation
- planning
- action
- maintenance/relapse
22
Q
evaluation of health services
A
- structure = what is there
- process = what is done
- outcome = morbidity, mortality
23
Q
sustainability
A
- meeting needs of present without compromising needs of future
24
Q
pillars of clinical governance
A
- clinical effectiveness
- audits
- education training
- research involvement
- open and honest
25
proffessional governance
- responsibility
- knowledge
- relationships with pt and colleagues
26
misconduct
- deliberate harm
- lack candour
- fraud
- improper relationships
27
medical negligence - 4 criteria
- duty of care
- breach in duty of care
- pt come to harm
- did breach cause harm
28
cohort design advantages
- ethically safe
- participants can be matched
- timing and directionality
- eligibility criteria can be standardised
29
cohort design disadvantages
- controls hard to identify
- exposure may be linked to hidden confounder
- rare disease = larger sample size needed
30
what is cohort design
- exposed and not exposed group
- evaluate outcome
31
RCT advantages
- unbiased distribution of confounders
- randomisation facilitates stats analysis
32
RCT disadvantages
- expensive
- volunteer bias
- ethically problematic
33
case control advantages
- quick and cheap
- only feasible method for very rare disorders
34
case control disadvantages
- relienace on recall or records
- selection of control difficult
- potential recall and selection bias
35
cross sectional advantages
- cheap
- simple
- ethical
36
cross sectional disadvantage
- recall bias, social desirability bias
- research bias
- unequal group sizes
37
case control study
- compares 2 groups of people
- groups with and without disease selected and past exposures identified
- retrospective study
38
cohort study is
-longitudinal
- follows participants over time epriod
- sa,ple from study pop and split into subgroups = one exposed and other not
39
cross sectional are
look at data at single point in time
- expousre and outcome measured simultaneously in given pop at particular point in tiem
40
Sensitivity
true +ve / true +/false -ve
= those with the disease who are correctly identified
41
Specificity
True neg /true neg + false +
- proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded by the screening test
42
PPV
true +ve / TP + false +ve
43
NPV
true -ve / TN + false -ve
44
Lead time bias
When screening identifies an outcome earlier than it would otherwise have been identified this results in an apparent increase in survival time even if screening has no effect on outcome
45
Length time bias
Differences in the length of time taken for a condition to progress to severe effects, that may affect the apparent efficacy of a screening method
46
odds
- = No cases/no. non cases
47
odds ratio
>1 = greater odds of associated with exposure and outcome
<1 = lower odds of association between exposure and outcome
48
prevalence proportion
- no. cases at the time/total pop at time
49
incidence rate
= no. diagnosed/time period x100
50
phase 1 drug development
- small studies on healthy volunteers
- assesses dynamics and kinetics
51
phase 2 drug studies
- small studies on actual patients
- efficacy and adverse effects
52
phase 3 drug studies
- larger studies
- efficacy and adverse effects
- may compare drug with existing treatments
- studies of special groups
