Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FINALS > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones to anterior pituitary release

A
  • FSH and LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • Prolactin and endorphins
  • Growth hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Actions of cortisol

A
  • Increase alertness
  • Inhibit immune system
  • Inhibit bone formation
  • Raise blood glucose
  • Increases metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adrenal axis

A
  • Hypothalamus produces CRH
  • AP produces ACTH
  • Adrenal produces cortisol
  • neg fb loop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is cushings

A
  • prolonged levels of corticosteroid in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes cushing

A
  • Disease = pituitary adenoma
  • Corticosteroids
  • Paraneoplastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cushing S+S

A
  • Round face
  • Central obesity and stretch marks
  • Proximal wasting
  • hirsutism
  • Bruising
  • buffalo hump
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

metabolic affects cushings

A
  • HTN
  • DM2
  • cardiac hypertrophy
  • Dyslipidaemia
  • Osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cushings Ix

A
  • 24hr urinary free cortisol
  • bloods
  • MRI for PA
  • CT if cancerour cause
  • dex suppression test = gold standard
  • hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mx cushings

A
  • adenoma = trans sphenoidal
  • surgery on tumours
  • adrenalectomy
  • metyrapone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dex suppression test results

A
  • Normal = respond to dex and suppress cortisol
  • Adrenal adenoma = high even after high dose, acth low
  • Pituitary adenoma = low dose not suppressed, high dose is suppressed and ACTH high
  • Ectopic = all high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Whats primary adrenal insufficiency

A
  • Addisson’s
  • Damaged glands = reduced cortisol and aldosterone
  • ACTH high as no neg FB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

A
  • Inadequate ACTH
  • Lack of stimulation to glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tertiary adrenal insufficiency

A
  • Inadequate CRH
  • steroids cause hypothalamus suppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Addisons specific S+S

A
  • Bronze hyperpigmentation
  • Hypotension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

General adrenal insufficiency S+S

A
  • fatigue
  • muscle weakness and cramps
  • dizzy
  • thirsty
  • weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ix adrenal insufficiency

A
  • hyponatraemia
  • short synacthen test = synthetic ACTH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

S+S adrenal crisis

A
  • reduced consciousness
  • hypotension
  • hypoglycaemia
  • hyponatraemia
  • hyperkalaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mx adrenal crisis

A
  • A-E
  • 100mg hydrocortisone
  • IV fluids
  • correct hypo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GH axis

A
  • GHRH released from hypothalamus
  • causes AP to release GH
  • GH stimulates IGF-1 from liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Actions GH

A
  • Bone growth
  • Bone density and strength
  • Cell regeneration and reproduction
  • Internal organ growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

causes acromegaly

A
  • pituitary adenoma
  • lung/panc cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S+S acromegaly

A
  • Bitemporal hemianopia if space occ
  • frontal bossing
  • sweating
  • macroglossia, large nose
  • large hands and feet
  • prognathism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

metabolic affects acromegaly

A
  • hypertrophic heart
  • HTN
  • T2DM
  • arthritis
  • Carpal tunnel
  • colorectal cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Ix acromegaly
- IGF1 - GH suppression test - MRI
26
Mx acromegaly
- Trans-sphenoidal surgery - Pegvisomant - Ocreotide = somatostatin anologue - Dopamine agonist
27
Parathyroid axis
- PTH released in response to low Ca - Kidney increases reabsorption of Ca - Increased osteoclast activity - Intestinal absorption of Ca through vit D
28
S+S hypercalcaemia
- Kidney stones - Painful bones - Abdo groans = cnstipation, N+V, polyuroa and dipsia - psych moans
29
Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Uncontrolled PTH production by tumout of glands - Hypercalcaemia - Remove surgically - PTH and Ca high
30
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
- Insufficient Vit D reduces Ca reabsorption from intestines, kidneys and bones - Serum Ca normal/low, PTH high
31
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
- When secondary HPT goes on too long = hyperplasia - High PTH and Ca - Remove PT tissue
32
RAAS
- Renin prodiced in afferent arterioles in response to hypoTN - Renin converts angiotensin to AG1 - In lungs ACE converts AG1 to AG2 - AG2 = vasocinstricts = increases BP - AG2 = aldosterone from adrenals = hypertrophy of myocytes - Aldosterone acts on kidneys = Na reabsorption in DT = water into kidneys = increases BP
33
Conns syndrome
- Adrenal adenoma - Causes high levels of aldosterone - ARR = high aldosterone and low renin
34
Secondary hyperaldosteronism
- excessive renin = excess aldosterone - Renal artery stenosis and HF - ARR = high both
35
Mx hyperaldosteronism
- Aldosterone antagonists = spironolactone, eplerenone
36
ADH axis
- Low water content in blood - PP releases more ADH - High volume water reabsorbed by kidney - Concentrated urine and more water in blood
37
SAIDH is
- Increased ADH from PP = increased water reabsorbed = hyponatraemia
38
causes SIADH
- Increased secretion - SCLC - Post operation - SSRI
39
S+S SIADH
- Hyponatramia - headache - fatigue - cramps and confusion - seizures if severe
40
Clinical features SIADH
- Euvolaemia - Hypona - Low serum osmolality - high urine Na - high urine osmolality
41
Mx siadh
- admit if Na <125 - find and treat underlying cause - fluid restrict - Vasopressor receptor antagonists = tolvaptan - Correct slowly to prevent demyelination = no more than 10mmol/l change in 24hrs
42
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
collecting ducts dont respond to ADH
43
Cranial DI
hypothalamus doesnt produce ADH for PP to secrete
44
S+S DI
- polyuria >3l - polydypsia - dehydration - postural hypotension
45
Ix DI
- low urine osmolality - High serum osmolality - Water deprivation test
46
water deprivation test results
- Primary polysipis = urine osmolality after deprivation high - CDI = UO low after deprivation, high after desmopressin - NDI = UO low after deprivation and desmopressin
47
Phaeochromocytoma
- Adrenal tumour = excessive adrenaline release - Ix = plasma free metaneprines and 24hr urine catecholamines - Mx = removal, BB, AB
48
thyroid axis
- hypothalamus releases TRH - Stimulates AP to release TSH - = thyroid gland produces T3 and T4 - Neg FB
49
Primary hyperthyroidism
- thyroid produces excess thyroid hormone
50
Secondary hyperthyroidism
- Hypothalamus or pituitary patholody - pituitary produces too much TSH
51
Graves
- Autoimmune - TSH receptor antibodies cause primary hyperthyroidism - TSHRA = stimulate TSHR on thyroid - Causes exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema
52
thyroiditis causes
= hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism - De Quervains - Hashimotos - Postpartum - Drug induced
53
S+S hyperthyroid
- Anxiety - Sweating - Tachy - Weight loss, fatigue and insomnia - Loose stools - Sexual dysfunction
54
S+S graves
- Diffuse goitre - Exopthalmos - Pretibial myxoedema - hand swelling and finger clubbing
55
WHat is the intitial thyrotoxic phase
- Excessive thyroid hormones - Thyroid swelling and tenderness - Flu like illness - Raised inflamatory markers - Self limiting but some remain hypo
56
thyrotoxic crisis
- Fever, tachy and delirium - May need fluid resus, anti-arrythmic meds and BB
57
Mx hyperthyroid
- carbimazole (Can cause pancreatitis and agranulocytosis) - BB
58
primary hypothyroidism
- Thyroid behaves abnomrally = produces inadequate thyroid hormones - _ve FB absent
59
secondary hypothyroidism
- pituitary produces inadequate tsh - = tumours and surgery
60
causes primary hypothyroid
- Hashimotos = autoimmune anti TPO and andi tG - Iodine deficiency - Lithium
61
S+S hypothyroid
- Weight gain - Dry skin - Coarse hair and loss - fluid retention - heavy periods - constipation
62
Mx hypothyroid
- levothyroxine
63
Thyroid blood results
1 hyper = low TSH, high T3/4 2 hyper = both high 1 hypo = high TSH low T3/4 2 = both low
64
What is type 1 diabetes
- Pancreas stops being able to produce adequate insulin - Less insulin = less glucose absorption
65
what cells produce insulin
beta cells in islet of langerhans
66
how dies insulin reduce glucose
- causes cells to absorb glucose as fuel - Causes muscle and liver to absorb glucose as glycogen
67
what is glucagon
- hormone produced by alpha cells in islets of langerhans
68
when is glucagon released
- in response to low blood sugar - glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
69
when are ketones produces
when there is insufficient glucose supply = ketones are water soluble fatty acids used as fuel = can cross BBB
70
3 key features of DKA
- Ketoacidosis - Dehydration - K imbalance
71
how does polyruia occur in DM
- Hyperglycaemia = overwhelms kidneys - GLucose leaks to urine - Glucose draws water by osmotic diuresis
72
How os K affected in DM
- Insulin drives K into cells - No insulin = K not stored in cells
73
presentation DKA
- Hyperglycaemia - Dehydration - Ketosis - Met acidosis - K imbalance - Polyuria and dipsia, N+V, acetone, hypotn
74
diagnosisn DKA requires all 3 of...
- Hyperglycaemia >11 - Ketosis blood >3mmol - Acidosis <7.3
75
Mx DKA
FIG PICK - Fluids = IV resus normal saline - Insulin = fixed rate e.g. actrapid 0.1/kg/hr - Glucose = monitor and infuse if <14 - Potassium = add K to fluids - Infection = treat cause - Chart fluid balance - Ketones monitor
76
Complications DKA
- Hypo - HypoK - Cerebral oedema - Pulmonary oedema
77
T1DM Mx
- Basal bolus
78
Mx hypoglycaemia
- <4 on the floor - Conscious and alert = juice, gel 15g etc. - Conscious and confused = 200mls 10% glucose over 10 mins or 1mg IM glucagon
79
DM macrovascular complications
- CAD - Peripheral ischaemia - Stroke - HTN
80
Microvascular complications
- Peripheral neuropathy - Retinopathy - Kidney disease
81
T2DM patho
- Exposure to glucose and insulin = resistant to insulin - More and more insulin needed to stimulate cells = fatigues the pancreas and output reduced
82
Pre diabetes
HbA1c 42-47 mmol/mol
83
diabetes HbA1c
48mmol/mol or higher
84
Mx T2DM
1. Metformin then... 2. SGLT2 inhibitors (dapaglifozin)
85
Metformin SE
- diarrhoea, vomiting, lactic acidosis
86
When to stop metformin
- Not E+D - AKI - Raised lactate - Contrast
87
Sulfonureas SE
- ides = gliclazide = spank the panc - weight gain, hypo - stop in hypo
88
thiazolidediones SE
- glitazones - weight gain, retention, HF - stop in fluid overload of bladder cancer
89
Gliptin SE
- pancreatitis, nausea - eanatide also cause pancreatitis
90
SGLT2 inhibitors SE
- = flozins - candidiasis - UTI
91
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
- T2DM complication - Hyperosmolality, hyperglycaemia and absence of ketones - Polyuria, dipsia, WL, confision, tach and htpotn - IV fluids
92
metformin MoA
- Improves insulin sensitivity in liver/muscle - suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis - se = nausea, diarrhoea
93
DDP4i example, MoA, SE
- Linagliptin - Incretin effect - Pancreatitis
94
Sulfonylurea MoA example SE
- Gliclazide - enhances insulin secretion - hypoglycaemia
95
SGLT2 example moa se
- emagliflozin - reduced renal glucose reabosrption - euglycaemic ketoacidosis, thrush
96
thyroid swell movement on exam
- moves upwards on swallowing
97
thyroglossal cyst
- midline, between thyroid and hyoid - upwards on tongue protrusion

FINALS (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions