Public Health

Question 1

Define

HLY

Answer 1

• healthy life years indicator - measures the number of remaining years that a person of a certain age is expected to live without disability

Question 2

Define

HDI

Answer 2

• human development index - measures the achievements of individual countries in terms of human development and prosperity

Question 3

define

DALY

Answer 3

• disability- adjusted life years - is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death

Question 4

define

HALE

Answer 4

• healthy life expectancy - number of years of good health that a patient can expect

Question 5

define

QALY

Answer 5

• quality- adjusted life years - measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived.

Question 6

define

HRQL

Answer 6

• health-related quality of life indicator - an attempt to determine how variables within the dimension of health (e.g., a disease or its treatment) relate to particular dimensions of life that have been determined to be important to people in general

Question 7

define

Primary prevention (first phase prevention)

Answer 7

-is an activity aimed at strengthening health
-Non-specific activities include e.g. promotion of healthy lifestyle.
-An example of a specific action is preventive vaccination.

Question 8

define

Secondary prevention (second phase prevention)

Answer 8

• is an activity aimed at early detection of diseases and their causes.
• Examples of this are screening tests, health check-ups, work place prevention, dispanserization, active counseling.

Question 9

define

Tertiary prevention (also known as metaphylaxis)

Answer 9

-is an action against a disease that already exists and has developed.

Question 10

define

Dispanserization:

Answer 10

-Identification of homogeneous groups in the population requiring special medical care.
-In occupational medicine it is e.g. a group of workers exposed to permanent effects of a specific factor harmful to health at the workplace.

Question 11

define

The Haddon matrix deals with

Answer 11

-the control and prevention of injuries.
-William Haddon’s matrix analyses the problem in terms of:
factor - human, causative and environmental
*phases *- pre-traumatic, traumatic and post-traumatic to develop strategies to prevent injuries.

Question 12

define

Primary prophylaxis (first phase)

Answer 12

-is an action aimed at strengthening health.
-Non-specific activities include= promotion of a healthy lifestyle.
-An example of a specific action is protective vaccination.

Question 13

define

Secondary prophylaxis (second phase)

S - S

Answer 13

-is an action aimed at early detection of diseases and their causes.
-An ex: screening tests , health balance, and place of employment prevention.

Question 14

Define

Third phase prophylaxis (also known as mataphylaxis)

Answer 14

is an action against the disease itself that already exists and has developed.

Question 15

The test sensitivity is

Answer 15

• a feature that affects the possible detection of truly positive results.
• is the quotient of true positive results to the total number of positive results (that is, both the true positive and false negative (which are actually positive, but they are negative in the test and hereby are false))

Example: for 100 people with cervical cancer, the screening test was positive for 98 people, and negative for 2 people. Sensitivity is 98%

Question 16

The test specificity is a feature

Answer 16

• that affects the detection of relatively small percentage of false positives.
• quotient of the number of true negative results to the total number of negative results (i.e. both true negative and false positives {which are actually negative, but they are positive in the test and are hereby false})

► Example: among 100 healthy people, screening test for cervical cancer was negative for 95 people and 5 for positive. The specificity is 95%

Question 17

Third phase prophylaxis (also known as

Answer 17

** mataphylaxis** is an action against the disease itself that already exists and has developed.

Question 18

The most common causes of death among men in Poland:

Answer 18

1. Cardiovascular diseases (40.8%)
2. Malignant neoplasms (25.9%)

lung cancer,
colorectal cancer,
prostate cancer,
stomach cancer.

3. External causes (accidents, suicides) (9.1%)

Question 19

define

Variolisation

Answer 19

-refers to the smallpox virus.
-Its Latin name is Variola vera.
-This method consisted in administering to healthy people purulent discharge or scabs rubbed into powder, taken from people with a mild course of the disease.

Question 20

define

Variolisation

Answer 20

-refers to the smallpox virus.
-Its Latin name is Variola vera.
-This method consisted in administering to healthy people purulent discharge or scabs rubbed into powder, taken from people with a mild course of the disease.

Question 21

Plague is

Answer 21

• bacterial (Yersinia pestis) disease mainly of rodents, but also of other mammals, which is transmitted to humans mainly by bites by sick animals or by an infected flea.
• Prophylaxis is based on the use of flea treatment in domestic animals, and avoiding contact with wild animals.
• In the event of contact with a sick animal - post-exposure antibiotic therapy is used.

Question 22

cholera

Answer 22

-It is an infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the* bacteria Vibrio cholerae*. -In its prevention, vaccinations, basic personal hygiene principles and the consumption of thermally processed food and potable water are used.

Question 23

spotted typhus

Answer 23

-**It is a Rickettsial disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii.

-Disease prevention consists in avoiding vectors that carry the bacteria - ticks, lice and fleas, and preventive vaccinations.