Puberty And Menopause Flashcards
What is the defination of thelarche?
Development of the breast
What is the defination of puberache?
Devlopment of the axillary and pubic hair
What is the defination of menarche?
The first menutral period
What is the adrenarche?
The onset of an increase in the secretion of androgens
What is puberty?
A stage in human development where sexual maturation and growth are completed and result in a ability to reproduce
Breifley describe the hormonal control of puberty?
Puberty is initated by the brain, onset of pubery associated wiht a steady rise in FSH and LH secretion
What are some of the features of the growth spurt that occurs in puberty?
Occurs in both sexes, and depends on growth hormone and steriods in both sexes, and men have a longer and slightly faster one that gives them their larger size
What signals the end of the pubertal growth spurt?
Ended in both sexes by epiphseal fusion, and oestrogen closes the epipyses earlier in girls
What is the critical weight for achieving puberty?
Should be 47 kg before the menarche
How do hormonal changes help to create the growth spurt?
Gh secretion from the Pituarity increases TSH, increases the metabolic rate and promotes tissue gorwht, and the increase androgens result in the retention of minerals in the body to support the bone and muscle growth
What hormonal changes occur in males?
LH and FSH realease increases at about 10 years of age, and the adrenals also start to secrete the androgens which initate the growth of the sex accessory organs such as the prostate,
What are some of the hormonal changes that occur in females?
Ostrogen induces the secondary sex characteristis, suhc as the growth of the pelvis the depositioin of subcutanours fat and the growht of the internal reproductive orgnas
What is the defination of precious puberty?
Is defined as occuring 2 standard deviations below the average age, with a prevelance of 1 in 5,000 or 1 in 10,000 in girls this is younger than 8 and in boys this is younger than 9
What are some of the causes of a gonadtropin dependant precious puberty?
Tumours including gliomas, astrocytomas, hamartomas, pinneal tumours, CNS trama or injury, homortomas of the hypothalmus or congential disorders such as hydrocelphaus or arachnoid cyst
What are some of the causes of gonadtropin independant precious puberty?
Congential adrenal hyperplasia, HCG secreting tumours in the liver, choriocarcinomas of the gonads, testicular leydig cell tumours, and adrenal tumours
What is testoxicosis?
Familial male precious puberty, an autosomal dominant condition, causing rapid physical growht, sextal maturaiton and sexually aggressive behaviour in the first 2-3 years of life
What is the defination of delayed puberty?
Inital physical changes of puberty not present by age 13 in firls or primary ammenhorea at age 15.5, or by age 14 in boys
What can some of the causes of delayed puberty be?
Gondal failure, such as turners syndrome, post maligancy, or polglandular autoimmune syndromes
Gondal deficeicy- congential, hypothalmix/ pituarity lesions, rare gene mutaitons inactivating FSH,
What are the three parts of the menopause?
Pre menopause
Menopause
Post menopause
What are the features of the premenopause?
Typically from age about 40, changes in the menstural cycle when the follicular phase shortens, ovulation is early or absent, less oestrogens are secreted and LH and FSH levels rise
What is the menopause?
Cessation of the menstural cycles, average age of 49-50, no more follicles develop and the osetrogen levels fall dramatically, FSH and LH levels rise, FSH dramatically
What are the systemic effects of the menopause?
Vascular changes such as hot flushes, affect about 80% of people, and tranient rrses in skin temperature of flushing that are relieved by oestrogen treatment
What are the effects of menopause on oestrogen senstive tissues?
In the uterus, there is regression of the endometirum and shrinkage of the myometrium, there is also thinning of the cervix and the vaginal rugae are lost, involution of some breast tissue and changes in skin
What are the affects of the menopause on bone?
Bone mass reduces by 2/5% a year for several year, reduce ostegen enhances the osteoclast activity to absorb the bone, and the osteoporsois in much greater, and is a reason for fractures in later life
What is the aim of hormone replacement theapry?
To relieve the symptoms of the menopause, can improve well being and osterogee is given orally or topically by matches, could limit osteoporosis but is no longer recommened as a first line preventative treatment
