Puberty And Menopause

Question 1

What is the defination of thelarche?

Answer 1

Development of the breast

Question 2

What is the defination of puberache?

Answer 2

Devlopment of the axillary and pubic hair

Question 3

What is the defination of menarche?

Answer 3

The first menutral period

Question 4

What is the adrenarche?

Answer 4

The onset of an increase in the secretion of androgens

Question 5

What is puberty?

Answer 5

A stage in human development where sexual maturation and growth are completed and result in a ability to reproduce

Question 6

Breifley describe the hormonal control of puberty?

Answer 6

Puberty is initated by the brain, onset of pubery associated wiht a steady rise in FSH and LH secretion

Question 7

What are some of the features of the growth spurt that occurs in puberty?

Answer 7

Occurs in both sexes, and depends on growth hormone and steriods in both sexes, and men have a longer and slightly faster one that gives them their larger size

Question 8

What signals the end of the pubertal growth spurt?

Answer 8

Ended in both sexes by epiphseal fusion, and oestrogen closes the epipyses earlier in girls

Question 9

What is the critical weight for achieving puberty?

Answer 9

Should be 47 kg before the menarche

Question 10

How do hormonal changes help to create the growth spurt?

Answer 10

Gh secretion from the Pituarity increases TSH, increases the metabolic rate and promotes tissue gorwht, and the increase androgens result in the retention of minerals in the body to support the bone and muscle growth

Question 11

What hormonal changes occur in males?

Answer 11

LH and FSH realease increases at about 10 years of age, and the adrenals also start to secrete the androgens which initate the growth of the sex accessory organs such as the prostate,

Question 12

What are some of the hormonal changes that occur in females?

Answer 12

Ostrogen induces the secondary sex characteristis, suhc as the growth of the pelvis the depositioin of subcutanours fat and the growht of the internal reproductive orgnas

Question 13

What is the defination of precious puberty?

Answer 13

Is defined as occuring 2 standard deviations below the average age, with a prevelance of 1 in 5,000 or 1 in 10,000 in girls this is younger than 8 and in boys this is younger than 9

Question 14

What are some of the causes of a gonadtropin dependant precious puberty?

Answer 14

Tumours including gliomas, astrocytomas, hamartomas, pinneal tumours, CNS trama or injury, homortomas of the hypothalmus or congential disorders such as hydrocelphaus or arachnoid cyst

Question 15

What are some of the causes of gonadtropin independant precious puberty?

Answer 15

Congential adrenal hyperplasia, HCG secreting tumours in the liver, choriocarcinomas of the gonads, testicular leydig cell tumours, and adrenal tumours

Question 16

What is testoxicosis?

Answer 16

Familial male precious puberty, an autosomal dominant condition, causing rapid physical growht, sextal maturaiton and sexually aggressive behaviour in the first 2-3 years of life

Question 17

What is the defination of delayed puberty?

Answer 17

Inital physical changes of puberty not present by age 13 in firls or primary ammenhorea at age 15.5, or by age 14 in boys

Question 18

What can some of the causes of delayed puberty be?

Answer 18

Gondal failure, such as turners syndrome, post maligancy, or polglandular autoimmune syndromes
Gondal deficeicy- congential, hypothalmix/ pituarity lesions, rare gene mutaitons inactivating FSH,

Question 19

What are the three parts of the menopause?

Answer 19

Pre menopause
Menopause
Post menopause

Question 20

What are the features of the premenopause?

Answer 20

Typically from age about 40, changes in the menstural cycle when the follicular phase shortens, ovulation is early or absent, less oestrogens are secreted and LH and FSH levels rise

Question 21

What is the menopause?

Answer 21

Cessation of the menstural cycles, average age of 49-50, no more follicles develop and the osetrogen levels fall dramatically, FSH and LH levels rise, FSH dramatically

Question 22

What are the systemic effects of the menopause?

Answer 22

Vascular changes such as hot flushes, affect about 80% of people, and tranient rrses in skin temperature of flushing that are relieved by oestrogen treatment

Question 23

What are the effects of menopause on oestrogen senstive tissues?

Answer 23

In the uterus, there is regression of the endometirum and shrinkage of the myometrium, there is also thinning of the cervix and the vaginal rugae are lost, involution of some breast tissue and changes in skin

Question 24

What are the affects of the menopause on bone?

Answer 24

Bone mass reduces by 2/5% a year for several year, reduce ostegen enhances the osteoclast activity to absorb the bone, and the osteoporsois in much greater, and is a reason for fractures in later life

Question 25

What is the aim of hormone replacement theapry?

Answer 25

To relieve the symptoms of the menopause, can improve well being and osterogee is given orally or topically by matches, could limit osteoporosis but is no longer recommened as a first line preventative treatment