Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 4 - Reproductive System > Puberty > Flashcards

Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

Define thelarche

A

The development of breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define puberache

A

Development of axillary and pubic hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define menarche

A

The first menstrual period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define adrenarche

A

The onset of an increase in secretion of androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is puberty?

A

The stage of human development when sexual maturation and growth are completed. and result in an ability to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When are primary sexual characeristics established?

A

Before birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is the reproductive system inactive until?

A

Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the onset age of puberty?

A

Variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the age of puberty differ between boys and girls

A

Girls begin and end puberty before boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is the order of events in puberty consistent or variable?

A

Consistent, they happen in a recognised pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does puberty consist of?

A
  • Accelerated somatic growth
  • Maturation of primary sexual characteristics
  • Apperance of secondary sexual characteristics
  • Menstruation and spermatogenesis behin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the accelerated growth phase in puberty follow?

A

The linear growth phase before puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What primary sexual characteristics develop in puberty?

A

Gonads and genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What secondary sexual characteristics appear at puberty?

A
  • Pubic and axillary hair
  • Female breast development
  • Male voice changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does the menstruation and spermatogenesis begin?

A

At the end of puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is puberty initated by?

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the onset of puberty associated with?

A

Steady rise in FSH and LH secretion, due to a rise in GnRH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Can the parts of the reproductive system work before the normal age of puberty?

A

Most can, but don’t because hormone levels are too low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In which sex does the growth spurt occur?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the growth spurt differ between males and females?

A

Happens earlier, and results in shorter in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are men taller?

A

Because the growth spurt is longer and slightly faster, and the linear phase is longer, so taller when start to spurt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the growth spurt depend on?

A

Growth hormones and steriods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is the growth spurt ended?

A

In epiphyseal fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What closes epiphyseal growth plates in girls?

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What can be observed by the fusing of the growth plates?

A

The measureable end of puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How has the timing of puberty changed?

A

In Western countries, puberty is now much earlier.

The average age of menarche was 17 in 1800, now <13 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the change in the age of onset of puberty due to?

A

Changes in nutrition and weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the critical weight for the onset of puberty in females?

A

47kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is happening to the average age of body weight at onset of menarche?

A

It is staying the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens in a female if there is significant weight loss?

A

The reproductive cycle ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In what situations may primary amenorrhea due to low body weight occur?

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Lean female athletes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In whom is the ‘body fat’ set point very noticable?

A

In girls with fluctating body weight due to anorexia nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What may be involved in puberty signalling?

A

Leptins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is true of many species, regarding puberty and menarche?

A

Breeding is seasonal, and so there is a new ‘puberty’ each year

35
Q

What is the new puberty each year in some species triggered by?

A

Changes in day length

36
Q

What gland is involved in the ‘new puberty’ in some species?

A

Pineal gland

37
Q

What plays an important part in the pineal gland?

A

Secretion of melatonin

38
Q

What evidence shows the involvement of the pineal gland in human puberty?

A

Pineal tumours can influence puberty in humans

39
Q

What comes first in puberty, physical or hormonal changes?

A

Hormonal

40
Q

What causes the hormonal changes in the onset of puberty?

A

Increased stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, and thus gradual activation of GnRH

41
Q

What does the gradual activation of GnRH at the onset of puberty cause?

A

Increases frequency and amplitude of LH pulses

42
Q

What happens in puberty once levels of gonadotrophins are high enough?

A

They stimulate the secretion of sexual steroids (oestrogens and androgens)

43
Q

What extragonadal hormone changes occur at the onset of puberty?

A

Elevation of IGF-I and adrenal steroids

44
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating the hormone changes that trigger the onset of puberty

A
45
Q

Where is neuro-kinin B released from?

A

The arcuate area of the brain

46
Q

What happens if there is destructive coding of Kiss 1 neuron arcuate?

A

Delayed onset of puberty

47
Q

What happens is there is abnormal positive feedback on Kiss 1 neuron arcuate?

A

Early onset of puberty

48
Q

What is the effect of GnRH secretion from the pituitary?

A
  • Increases TSH
  • Increases metabolic rate
  • Promotes tissue growth
  • Increases androgens
49
Q

What is the result of the effect of GN secretion from the pituitary?

A

Results in growth spurt

50
Q

What is the result of noctural GnRH pulsatility?

A

LH secretion precedes phenotypic changes by several years

51
Q

What does the noctural GnRH pulsatility in pre-pubescent boys suggest?

A

Sleep related LH increase stimulates a noctural rise in testesterone

52
Q

What could the noctural rise in testosterone in adolescent boys account for?

A

Some early pubertal changes seen in males

53
Q

What pattern is seen similar to the noctural rise in testerosterone in pre-pubescent females?

A

Concomitant increase in oestrogen

54
Q

What is true of LH and FSH levels in young children?

A

They are insufficient to initiate gonadal function

55
Q

When do blood levels of LH and FSH increase?

A

Between 9-12 years

56
Q

When to levels of LH and FSH increase until?

A

They reach levels high enough to initate gonadal development

57
Q

What happens to the pulses of LH and FSH as a child gets older?

A

The amplitude of the pulses increases, especially during sleep

58
Q

What are the first phenotypic changes in puberty?

A
  • Breast development
  • Testicular enlargement
59
Q

What does an increase in LH and FSH lead to in males?

A

Spermatogenesis and androgen secretion

60
Q

Other than the gonads, what else secretes androgen?

A

The adrenals

61
Q

What does the secretion of androgens in males lead to?

A
  • Sex accessory structures developments, e.g. prostate
  • Male secondary sex characteristics, e.g. facial hair
  • Growth of larynx, leading to the voice breaking
62
Q

What induces secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

Oestrogen

63
Q

What sexual secondary characteristics does oestrogen induce in females?

A
  • Growth of pelvis
  • Deposit of subcutaneous fat
  • Maturation of internal reproductive organs and external genitalia
  • Androgen release by adrenal gland increases
64
Q

What does androgen release cause in females?

A
  • Growth of pubic hair
  • Growth of bone
  • Increased secretion from sebaceous gland
65
Q

How is pubertal development classified?

A

According to the Tanner standard

66
Q

How many stages are there on the Tanner scale

A

5

67
Q

What factors are staged on the Tanner scale in girls?

A
  • Breast (B1-5)
  • Pubic hair (Pu1-5)
  • Axillary hair (A1-5)
  • Menarche
68
Q

What are the Tanner stages in girls?

A
69
Q

What factors are staged in the Tanner standard in males?

A
  • Testicular volume >4ml (Te)
  • Penis enlargement (G1-5)
  • Pubic hair (Pu1-5)
  • Axillary hair (A1-5)
  • Spermarche
70
Q

What are the Tanner stages in boys?

A
71
Q

What is the criteria for the pubertal growth acceleration?

A

Growth velocity is 2-3 times greater than prepubertal

72
Q

At what age do girls start puberty?

A

9-13 years

73
Q

What is the first physical sign of puberty in females?

A

B2 (breast development)

74
Q

What is the growth velocity during puberty in females?

A

9.0cm/yr (Tanner II-III)

75
Q

What is the duration of puberty in females?

A

2.4 years + - 1.1

76
Q

At what age do boys start puberty?

A

10-14

77
Q

What is the first sign of puberty in males?

A

G2 (testicular volume up to 4ml)

78
Q

What is the growth velocity during puberty in males?

A

10.3 cm/yr

79
Q

What is the duration of puberty in females?

A

3.2 yrs + - 1.8

80
Q

What initates the first ovarian cycle?

A

LH surge

81
Q

Is the LH surge usually sufficient to cause ovulation during the first cycle?

A

No, can take a couple of years to establish oogenesis

82
Q

What happens once oogenesis is established?

A

It continues fairly regularly

83
Q

What happens soon after the first ovarian cycle?

A

The brain and endocrine systems mature

84
Q

What happens to oestrogen levels in the blood following the initiation of the first ovarian cycle?

A

They increase, due to the growing follicles

ESA 4 - Reproductive System (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions