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ESA 4 - Reproductive System > Puberty > Flashcards

Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

Define thelarche

A

The development of breasts

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2
Q

Define puberache

A

Development of axillary and pubic hair

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3
Q

Define menarche

A

The first menstrual period

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4
Q

Define adrenarche

A

The onset of an increase in secretion of androgens

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5
Q

What is puberty?

A

The stage of human development when sexual maturation and growth are completed. and result in an ability to reproduce

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6
Q

When are primary sexual characeristics established?

A

Before birth

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7
Q

When is the reproductive system inactive until?

A

Puberty

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8
Q

What is the onset age of puberty?

A

Variable

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9
Q

How does the age of puberty differ between boys and girls

A

Girls begin and end puberty before boys

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10
Q

Is the order of events in puberty consistent or variable?

A

Consistent, they happen in a recognised pattern

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11
Q

What does puberty consist of?

A
  • Accelerated somatic growth
  • Maturation of primary sexual characteristics
  • Apperance of secondary sexual characteristics
  • Menstruation and spermatogenesis behin
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12
Q

What does the accelerated growth phase in puberty follow?

A

The linear growth phase before puberty

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13
Q

What primary sexual characteristics develop in puberty?

A

Gonads and genitals

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14
Q

What secondary sexual characteristics appear at puberty?

A
  • Pubic and axillary hair
  • Female breast development
  • Male voice changes
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15
Q

When does the menstruation and spermatogenesis begin?

A

At the end of puberty

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16
Q

What is puberty initated by?

A

The brain

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17
Q

What is the onset of puberty associated with?

A

Steady rise in FSH and LH secretion, due to a rise in GnRH secretion

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18
Q

Can the parts of the reproductive system work before the normal age of puberty?

A

Most can, but don’t because hormone levels are too low

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19
Q

In which sex does the growth spurt occur?

A

Both

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20
Q

How does the growth spurt differ between males and females?

A

Happens earlier, and results in shorter in females

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21
Q

Why are men taller?

A

Because the growth spurt is longer and slightly faster, and the linear phase is longer, so taller when start to spurt

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22
Q

What does the growth spurt depend on?

A

Growth hormones and steriods

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23
Q

How is the growth spurt ended?

A

In epiphyseal fusion

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24
Q

What closes epiphyseal growth plates in girls?

A

Oestrogen

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25
What can be observed by the fusing of the growth plates?
The measureable end of puberty
26
How has the timing of puberty changed?
In Western countries, puberty is now much earlier. The average age of menarche was 17 in 1800, now \<13 years
27
What is the change in the age of onset of puberty due to?
Changes in nutrition and weight
28
What is the critical weight for the onset of puberty in females?
47kg
29
What is happening to the average age of body weight at onset of menarche?
It is staying the same
30
What happens in a female if there is significant weight loss?
The reproductive cycle ceases
31
In what situations may primary amenorrhea due to low body weight occur?
* Malnutrition * Lean female athletes
32
In whom is the 'body fat' set point very noticable?
In girls with fluctating body weight due to anorexia nervosa
33
What may be involved in puberty signalling?
Leptins
34
What is true of many species, regarding puberty and menarche?
Breeding is seasonal, and so there is a new 'puberty' each year
35
What is the new puberty each year in some species triggered by?
Changes in day length
36
What gland is involved in the 'new puberty' in some species?
Pineal gland
37
What plays an important part in the pineal gland?
Secretion of melatonin
38
What evidence shows the involvement of the pineal gland in human puberty?
Pineal tumours can influence puberty in humans
39
What comes first in puberty, physical or hormonal changes?
Hormonal
40
What causes the hormonal changes in the onset of puberty?
Increased stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, and thus gradual activation of GnRH
41
What does the gradual activation of GnRH at the onset of puberty cause?
Increases frequency and amplitude of LH pulses
42
What happens in puberty once levels of gonadotrophins are high enough?
They stimulate the secretion of sexual steroids (oestrogens and androgens)
43
What extragonadal hormone changes occur at the onset of puberty?
Elevation of IGF-I and adrenal steroids
44
Draw a diagram illustrating the hormone changes that trigger the onset of puberty
45
Where is neuro-kinin B released from?
The arcuate area of the brain
46
What happens if there is destructive coding of Kiss 1 neuron arcuate?
Delayed onset of puberty
47
What happens is there is abnormal positive feedback on Kiss 1 neuron arcuate?
Early onset of puberty
48
What is the effect of GnRH secretion from the pituitary?
* Increases TSH * Increases metabolic rate * Promotes tissue growth * Increases androgens
49
What is the result of the effect of GN secretion from the pituitary?
Results in growth spurt
50
What is the result of noctural GnRH pulsatility?
LH secretion precedes phenotypic changes by several years
51
What does the noctural GnRH pulsatility in pre-pubescent boys suggest?
Sleep related LH increase stimulates a noctural rise in testesterone
52
What could the noctural rise in testosterone in adolescent boys account for?
Some early pubertal changes seen in males
53
What pattern is seen similar to the noctural rise in testerosterone in pre-pubescent females?
Concomitant increase in oestrogen
54
What is true of LH and FSH levels in young children?
They are insufficient to initiate gonadal function
55
When do blood levels of LH and FSH increase?
Between 9-12 years
56
When to levels of LH and FSH increase until?
They reach levels high enough to initate gonadal development
57
What happens to the pulses of LH and FSH as a child gets older?
The amplitude of the pulses increases, *especially during sleep*
58
What are the first phenotypic changes in puberty?
* Breast development * Testicular enlargement
59
What does an increase in LH and FSH lead to in males?
Spermatogenesis and androgen secretion
60
Other than the gonads, what else secretes androgen?
The adrenals
61
What does the secretion of androgens in males lead to?
* Sex accessory structures developments, *e.g. prostate* * Male secondary sex characteristics, *e.g. facial hair* * Growth of larynx, *leading to the voice breaking*
62
What induces secondary sex characteristics in females?
Oestrogen
63
What sexual secondary characteristics does oestrogen induce in females?
* Growth of pelvis * Deposit of subcutaneous fat * Maturation of internal reproductive organs and external genitalia * Androgen release by adrenal gland increases
64
What does androgen release cause in females?
* Growth of pubic hair * Growth of bone * Increased secretion from sebaceous gland
65
How is pubertal development classified?
According to the Tanner standard
66
How many stages are there on the Tanner scale
5
67
What factors are staged on the Tanner scale in girls?
* Breast (B1-5) * Pubic hair (Pu1-5) * Axillary hair (A1-5) * Menarche
68
What are the Tanner stages in girls?
69
What factors are staged in the Tanner standard in males?
* Testicular volume \>4ml (Te) * Penis enlargement (G1-5) * Pubic hair (Pu1-5) * Axillary hair (A1-5) * Spermarche
70
What are the Tanner stages in boys?
71
What is the criteria for the pubertal growth acceleration?
Growth velocity is 2-3 times greater than prepubertal
72
At what age do girls start puberty?
9-13 years
73
What is the first physical sign of puberty in females?
B2 (breast development)
74
What is the growth velocity during puberty in females?
9.0cm/yr (Tanner II-III)
75
What is the duration of puberty in females?
2.4 years + - 1.1
76
At what age do boys start puberty?
10-14
77
What is the first sign of puberty in males?
G2 (testicular volume up to 4ml)
78
What is the growth velocity during puberty in males?
10.3 cm/yr
79
What is the duration of puberty in females?
3.2 yrs + - 1.8
80
What initates the first ovarian cycle?
LH surge
81
Is the LH surge usually sufficient to cause ovulation during the first cycle?
No, *can take a couple of years to establish oogenesis*
82
What happens once oogenesis is established?
It continues fairly regularly
83
What happens soon after the first ovarian cycle?
The brain and endocrine systems mature
84
What happens to oestrogen levels in the blood following the initiation of the first ovarian cycle?
They increase, *due to the growing follicles*

ESA 4 - Reproductive System (31 decks)

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