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ESA 4 - Reproductive System > Coitus > Flashcards

Coitus Flashcards

1
Q

What do spermatogonia mature into?

A

Spermatozoa

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2
Q

Where do spermatogonia mature into spermatozoa?

A

In the seminiferous tubules of the testis

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3
Q

How long does maturation of spermatogonia into spermatzoa take?

A

Up to 74 days

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4
Q

How much of maturation of spermatogonia to spermatozoa occurs in the testis?

A

Up to 74 days

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5
Q

How much does maturation of spermatongonia to spermatozoa take in the epididymis?

A

12-24 days

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6
Q

From what stages in life does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Starts at puberty, continues until death, there is no male menopause

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7
Q

How many sperm to the testes produce each day?

A

200-300 million

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8
Q

How many of the sperm produced by the testes become viable?

A

About half

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9
Q

What happens to the sperm produced with age?

A

Slight decrease in quality and quantity

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10
Q

What is spermatogenesis controlled by?

A

Hormones

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11
Q

What produces LH?

A

Anterior pituitary

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12
Q

What does LH act on in males?

A

Leydig cells of the testis

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13
Q

What is the result of the action of LH on the Leydig cells of the testes?

A

Stimulates them to produce testosterone, which is a direct stimulant of spermatogenesis

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14
Q

What does FSH act on in the male?

A

Androgen binding protein in the Sertoli cell

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15
Q

What is formed when FSH acts on androgen binding protein in Sertoli cells?

A

The blood-testis barrier

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16
Q

What is the result of the formation of the blood-testis barrier?

A

Increases testosterone concentration, which is a further stimulant for spermatogenesis

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17
Q

What can spermatogenesis be initated with if the pituitary gland is removed?

A

FSH and testosterone alone, bypass the need for LH

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18
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen from Leydig cells?

A

It can increase sperm viability

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19
Q

How is hormonal control of spermatogenesis in itself controlled?

A

By a negative feedback loop

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20
Q

How does the negative feedback loop controlling the hormonal control of spermatogenesis work?

A

The release of inhibin from stimulated Sertoli cells decreased FSH, and so decreases spermatogenesis

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21
Q

What happens in spermiogenesis?

A

The spermatid matures to spermatozoon

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22
Q

What forms the head of the spermatozoon?

A

The acrosome and nucleus

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23
Q

What happens in the maturation to a spermatazoon?

A
  • The head undergoes nuclear condensation
  • The acrosome forms
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24
Q

What happens in nuclear condensation?

A

The nucleus becomes much smaller

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25
Q

What are the features of the acrosome?

A
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome like, in that it has hydrolytic enzymes
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26
Q

What is the function of the acrosome?

A

Enable sperm to penerate ovum

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27
Q

What is the midpiece of the sperm made of?

A

Mitochondria packed around contractile filaments

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28
Q

What is the tail of the sperm?

A

It is a flagellum produced by microtubules growing from centriole to form axoneme

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29
Q

What happens to the spermatozoon?

A

It matures to spermatozoa

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30
Q

What happens in the maturation to spermatozoa?

A

Cytoplasm and organelles stripped under influence of testosterone

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31
Q

What is true of sperm once they have matured into spermatozoa?

A

They are now mature, but lack motility, so are infertile

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32
Q

Where are spermatozoa released from?

A

Sertoli cells

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33
Q

Where are spermatozoa released from Sertoli cells into?

A

The lumen of seminiferous tubules

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34
Q

What is the process of releasing spermatozoa into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule called?

A

Spermination

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35
Q

Where do spermatazoa go from the seminiferous tubules?

A

The epididymis

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36
Q

How are spermatozoa transported to the epididymis?

A

In testicular fluid, by peristaltic contraction

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37
Q

What produces testicular fluid?

A

Sertoli cells

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38
Q

What happens to spermatozoa in the epididymis?

A

They gain motility and become fertile in the epididymis

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39
Q

How long can sperm be stored in the epididymis with no loss of fertility?

A

Several months

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40
Q

What happens to the epididymis during sexual arousal?

A

There is contraction of the epidiymal wall muscle

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41
Q

What does contraction of the epididymal wall do?

A

Expels spermatozoa into ductus (vas) deferens, and then out through penis in ejaculation

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42
Q

What happens to the spermatozoa if they are not expelled?

A

They are eventually phagocytosed by the epididymal epithelial cells

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43
Q

What are the phases of coitus?

A
  1. Excitement phase
  2. Plateau phase
  3. Orgasmic phase
  4. Resolution phase
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44
Q

What happens in the excitement phase of the male sexual response?

A

Sensory and psychological stimulation needs to the activation of the sacral parasympathetic neurones, and inhibition of the thoracolumbar sympathetic neurones

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45
Q

What is the affect of activation of the sacral parasympathetic neurones?

A

ACh acts on M3 receptors on endothelial cells, leading to an increase in intracytoplasmic Ca2+, leading to activation of eNOS, and thus increasing nitric oxide production

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46
Q

What does nitric oxide production cause in the male sexual response?

A

Arteriolar vasodilation in the corposa cavernosa

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47
Q

What does arteriolar vasodilation in the corposa cavernosa cause?

A

Increased penile blood flow, and then penile filling (latency) to penile tumesence (erection)

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48
Q

What is true of the erection at the excitement phase?

A

It is reversible

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49
Q

What happens to the testes in the excitement phase?

A

They begin to elevate and engorge

50
Q

What happens to the scrotum in the excitement phase?

A

Scrotal skin thickens and tenses

51
Q

What happens in the plateau phase in the male sexual response?

A
  • Activation of the sacrospinous reflex
  • Stimulation of secretion from accessory glands
  • Corona may become further engorged
52
Q

What does activation of the sacrospinous reflex lead to in the plateau phaes of the male sexual reponse?

A

Contraction of the ischiocavernosus

53
Q

What is the result of the contraction of the ischiocavernosus?

A

Compresses the crus penis and impedes venous return, leading to venous engorgement

54
Q

What happens to intracavernous pressure in the plateau phase of the male sexual response?

A

It rises

55
Q

What does the rise in intracavernous pressure lead to?

A

Decreased arterial inflow

56
Q

What accessory glands are stimulated in the plateau phase of male sexual excitement?

A

Cowpers and Littre’s glands

57
Q

What is the function of the stimulation of secretion from Cowpers and Littre’s glands?

A
  • It lubricates distal urethra
  • Neutralise acidic urine in urethra
58
Q

What % of the ejaculate do the secretions from the Cowpers and Littres glands in the plateau phase constitute?

A

5%

59
Q

What happens to the testes in the plateau phase?

A

They become completely engorged and elevated

60
Q

What happens to the scrotum in the plateau phase?

A

It maintains its thickened and tensed state

61
Q

What is true of the erection in the plateau phase?

A

Loss is unlikely

62
Q

What is the orgasm phase of the male sexual response split into?

A
  • Emission
  • Ejaculation
63
Q

What happens in the emission phase of the male sexual response?

A

Stimulation of thoracolumbar sympathetic reflex

64
Q

What does stimulation of the thoracolumbar sympathetic reflex cause?

A
  • Contraction of smooth muscle in ductus deferens, ampulla, seminal vesicle, and prostate
  • Internal and external urethral sphincters contract
65
Q

What is the result of the contraction of the smooth muscle in the ductus deferens, ampulla, seminal vesicle, and prostate?

A

Semen is pooled in the urethral bulb

66
Q

Why do the internal and external urethral sphincters contract in the emission stage of the male sexual response?

A

So don’t get retrograde ejaculation into the bladder

67
Q

What happens in the ejaculation stage of the male sexual response?

A

Spinal reflex (with corticol control) stimulates sympathetic nervous system (L1, 2)

68
Q

What does L1 and 2 stimulation in the ejaculation phase of the male sexual response cause?

A
  • Contraction of the glands and ducts
  • Internal urethral sphincter contracts
69
Q

What does filling of the urethra stimulate in the ejaculation phase?

A

Pudendal nerve, which stimulates the contraction of the genital organs, the ischiocavernosus, and the bulbocavernosus muscles

70
Q

What does contraction of the genital organs, ischiocavernosus, and bulbocavernosus muscles lead to?

A

Expulsion of semen

71
Q

What happens to the anal sphincter during ejaculation?

A

It contracts

72
Q

What happens in the resolution phase of male sexual excitement?

A

Activation of the thoracolumbar sympathetic pathway

73
Q

What does the activation of the thoracolumbar sympathetic pathways lead to in resolution of the male sexual response?

A
  • Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle in the corporta cavernosa
  • Increased venous return
  • Detumescence and flaccidity
74
Q

Is there a refractory period in the male sexual response?

A

Yes

75
Q

What happens to the testes in the resolution phase of the male sexual response?

A

Testes descend and return to unstimulated size

76
Q

What happens to the scrotum in the resolution phase?

A

Thins and resumes wrinkled appearance

77
Q

What happens in the excitement phase of the female sexual response?

A
  • Same neuronal responses as male
  • Vaginal lubrication begins
  • Clioris engorges with blood
  • Uterus elevates
  • Increase in muscle bone, heart rate, and BP
  • Inner 2/3 of vagina lengthens and expands
78
Q

What causes vaginal lubrication?

A

Vasocongestion

79
Q

What happens in the plateau phase of the female sexual response?

A
  • Further increase in muscle tone, heart rate, and BP
  • Labia minora deepens in colour
  • Clitoris withdraws under its hood
  • Bartholin glands secretions lubricate vestible
  • Orgasmic platform forms in lower 1/3 of vagina
  • Inner 2/3 of vagina fully distended
  • Uterus is fully elevated
80
Q

What happens in the orgasmic phase of the female sexual response?

A
  • Orgasmic platform (outer 1/3 of vagina) contracts rhythmically 3-15 times, inner 2/3 remains motionless
  • Uterus contractions beginning at top (fundus) and moving down towards cervix
  • Anal sphincter contracts
  • Clitoris remains retracted under hood
81
Q

Is there a refractory period in the orgasmic phase of the female sexual response?

A

No, multiple orgasms possible

82
Q

What happens in the resolution phase of the female sexual response?

A
  • Clitoris descends and engorgement subsides
  • Labia returns to unaroused size and colour
  • Uterus descends to unaroused position
  • Vagina shortens and narrows back to unaroused state
83
Q

What happens to the breasts in the excitement phase of the female sexual response?

A
  • Breast size increases
  • Nipple becomes erect
  • Veins become more distinct
84
Q

What happens to the brests in the plateau and orgasm phase of the female sexual response?

A
  • Greater size increase
  • Areola increases in size, and causes nipple to appear less erect
  • Sex flush may appear on breasts and upper abdomen
85
Q

What causes the sex flush in the female sexual response?

A

Increase in arterial inflow

86
Q

What happens to the breats in the resolution phase of the sexual response?

A
  • Detumesence of areola
  • Disapperance of sex flush
  • Reutrn to unaroused size
87
Q

What is the result of detumescene of the areola?

A

Nipple appears more erect

88
Q

What is the G-spot?

A

An area of erotic sensitivity located along the anterior wall of the vagina

89
Q

What is the sexual relevance of the G-spot?

A

Some women are able to experience orgasm and possibly ejaculation from G-spot stimulation

90
Q

What is G-spot tissue similar too?

A

Similar to the male prostate

91
Q

What is the result of the G-spot tissue being similar to the prostate?

A

Therefore, fluid may be similar to prostatic component of semen

92
Q

What evidence is there that the G-spot fluid is similar to the prostatic component of semen?

A

Research has showed the presence of enzyme in female ejaculate is characteristic of prostate secretions

93
Q

How does orgasm from G-spot stimulation differ from clitoral stimulation?

A

It is the same, though intensity may vary depending on method of stimulation

94
Q

What effect does age have on sexual response in females?

A
  • Some women report reduced desire
  • Vaginal and urethral tissue loose elasticity
  • Length and width of vagina decrease
  • Number of orgasmic contractions is often reduced
  • More rapid resolution
95
Q

Why does sexual desire decrease with age in women?

A
  • Psychological factors, e.g. body changes
  • Reduced vasocongestion response
96
Q

What does the reduced vasocongestion response cause in females?

A

Reduced vaginal lubrications

97
Q

What is the result of the length and width of the vagina decreasing with age?

A

Reduced expansile ability of inner vagina during arousal

98
Q

What % of married couples report in engaging in sexual intercourse a few times a year?

A

10-20%

99
Q

What % of married couples report having sexual intercourse of 2-3 times a week?

A

30%

100
Q

What is the most common sexual dysfunction?

A

Problems with desire

101
Q

What is happening to the incidence of sexual desire problems?

A

It is increasing

102
Q

What are the potential problems with sexual desire?

A
  • Hypoactive
  • Aversion
  • Hyperactive
  • Nymphomaniac
  • Kluver Bucci syndrome
103
Q

What is hypoactive sexual desire?

A

Little or no interest in sex

104
Q

What is sexual aversion?

A

Revulsion or fear of one or all aspects of sex

105
Q

What is sexual aversion often a result of?

A

Abuse or assault

106
Q

How common is sexual aversion?

A

Rare

107
Q

How is sexual aversion treated?

A

Intensive psychological therapies

108
Q

What causes Kluver Bucci syndrome?

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions

109
Q

What can cause bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions?

A
  • Head injury
  • Multiple cerebral metastases
110
Q

What are the symptoms of Kluver Bucci syndrome?

A
  • Hyperphagia
  • Hypersexuality
  • Hyperorality
  • Visual agnosia
  • Docility
111
Q

What are arousal disorders defined as in females?

A

Persistent, recurrent, inability to maintain lubrication-swelling response, leading to lack of lubrication

112
Q

When are arousal disorders especially prevalent in females?

A

In menopasue

113
Q

What are arousal disorders called in males?

A

Impotence

114
Q

What is impotence caused by?

A
  • Psychological
  • Tears in fibrous tissue of corpora cavernosa
  • Vascular
  • Drugs
115
Q

How do psychological factors cause impotence?

A

Descending inhibition of spinal reflexes

116
Q

What can cause a tear in the fibrous tissue of the corpora cavernosa?

A

Trauma sustained with erection

117
Q

How is a tear in the fibrous tissue of the corpora cavernosa treated?

A
  • Try to treat with surgical stitches
  • If this fails, penile implant
118
Q

What vascular problems can cause impotence?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Diabetes
119
Q

What drugs can cause impotence?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Antihypertensives - ß-blockers, diuretics
120
Q

How is impotence treated?

A

Viagra

121
Q

What is the mechanism of action of viagra?

A

Inhibits cGMP breakdown in corpus cavernosum, which increases nitric oxide-stimulated vasodilation and increases penile blood flow leading to erection

ESA 4 - Reproductive System (31 decks)

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