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ESA 4 - Reproductive System > Placental Dysfunction > Flashcards

Placental Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

Give two implantation defects

A
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Placenta praevia
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2
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation at a site other than uterine body

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3
Q

What is the most common implantation site in ectopic pregnancy?

A

Ampulla of Fallopian tube, but can also be peritoneal or ovarian

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4
Q

What is the problem with ectopic pregnancy?

A

If implantation not in endometrium, no decidual cells to control it, and so the invasive process can rupture the uterine tubes

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5
Q

What is vulnerable if there is rupture of the uterine tubes in an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Big vessels in the pelvis

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6
Q

What is there a risk of if the big vessels in the pelvis are affected in an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Haemoperitoneum

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7
Q

What is placenta praevia?

A

Implantation in the lower uterine segment

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8
Q

Where does the placenta grow in placenta praevia?

A

Across the internal os

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9
Q

What can placenta praevia cause?

A

Haemorrhage in pregnancy

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10
Q

What is necessitated in placenta prevaeia?

A

C-section delivery

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11
Q

Why is C-section delivery required in placenta praevia?

A

Because the internal os is occluded by the placenta, the birth canal is not functional

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12
Q

What happens in pre-eclampsia, with regard to elaboration of the spiral arteries?

A

There is inadequate modification of the vessels walls - invasion is not enough, so there is ineffective remodelling of the spiral arteries

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13
Q

Describe the epidemiology of pre-eclampsia

A

Most common condition related to morbidity and mortality in pregnancy in the developing world

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14
Q

What does pre-eclampsia lead to?

A

Poor growth and development of fetus, and maternal syndrome

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15
Q

What does placental insufficiency lead to?

A

Poor growth and development of the fetus

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16
Q

Give two forms of trophoblast disease

A
  • Molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole)
  • Gestational trophoblast disease
17
Q

What is gestational trophoblast disease?

A

When there is an overgrowth of placental tissue, but no embryo, so get very high hCG reading

18
Q

What is choriocarcinoma?

A

A malignant version of gestational trophoblast disease

19
Q

Why may hCG be monitored in choriocarcinoma?

A

To see how effective treatment is

20
Q

What is the result of the placenta not being a true barrier?

A

Teratogens access the getus via the placenta quite easily

21
Q

What teratogens can access the fetus via the placenta?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Therapeutic drugs
  • Drugs of abuse
  • Maternal smoking
22
Q

What is the importance of alcohol in pregnancy?

A

It is a small molecule, so can easily access, and damages the CNS

23
Q

When is the CNS vulnerable to damage?

A

Throughout gestation

24
Q

What does maternal smoking affect in pregnancy?

A

Fetal growth and development

25
Q

What can antibody transport cause in pregnancy?

A

Haemolytic disease of the newborn

26
Q

When does haemolytic disease of the newborn arise?

A

When there is a rhesus group incompatability of the mother and fetus q

27
Q

What happens in haemolytic diseease of the newborn?

A

Leakage of fetal blood into the maternal circulation

28
Q

Why is haemolytic disease of the newborn now uncommon?

A

Because of prophylactic treatment when known rhesus incompatability

29
Q

How are infectious agents taken up by the placenta?

A

Pinocytosis

30
Q

What infectious agents can be taken up into the placenta?

A
  • Varicella zoster
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Treponema pallidum
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Rubella
31
Q

What is happening to the incidence of It fetal rubella syndrome?

A

It is decreasing in incidence due to mass immunisation

32
Q

What does rubella syndrome?

A
  • Microcephaly
  • PDA
  • Cataracts

ESA 4 - Reproductive System (31 decks)

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